Tuesday, April 30, 2019

The Buying Patterns of the Consumers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Buying Patterns of the Consumers - turn out ExampleWhen flaws in this approach became apparent, during the mid-1990s, the focus shifted towards product orientation, which urged the marketers to spend all their resources in perfecting the quality of their products. The succeeding(prenominal) ideology shift during the late 1970s brought the selling orientation, which preached the idea that in stray to ensure gross revenue and profits, companies should follow spicyly aggressive sales strategies (Lancaster & Massingham, 2010, p. 20).Nevertheless, all these ideologies were stepping stones in allowing marketers to come up with the marketing innovation, which puts customers at the top of everything which the motto, a customer is always right. Marketing approach urges marketers and companies not to engage in hunting but gardening. Marketers agree that make and sell strategy is extremely short-sighted and today, in piece to succeed, companies need to follow a sense and respond strate gy. Organisations should not put in all their efforts to bob up the right customers for their products, but the focus should be on finding the right products for your customers (Solomon, 2006, p. 370).More importantly, in order to find right products for your customers, you first need to have a thorough understanding of the needs and wants of your customers. however when businesses have the proper knowledge about the buying patterns of their consumers, they can sustain their revenues and ensure that they rank high in terms of customer satisfaction.

Monday, April 29, 2019

Middle Eastern Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

centerfield vitamin Eern Studies - Essay ExampleThe Constantinople concordance of 1915 was struck in light of the collapse of the Concert and in fear of the fall out by either France or Russia from the entente powers at the eve of World war 1. To this end, the entente powers were given castigate to compensation for fighting their enemies (in this case the central powers) which was primarily to be curved out of the Middle East (Gelvin). Subsequent dealings further strengthened this offer stipulating compensation to be in form of level European control over territories under the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War 1. They included the Treaty of London and Saint-Jean de Maurienne.However, the exact genesis of Middle Eastern predicaments is the secret dealings that go with these treaties. Territories so formed had significant ethnic and religious differences-and therein communities-become too rigid in the nineteenth century that affiliations formed the basis for claiming shares in the political landscape. The present Iraq and Iran are evidence to this geo-social annexation. The US initiated the defining of the League of Nations in order to end this scramble for partitioning of the Levant and Mesopotamia which ironically have survived just about a century and still throbs at the helm of current politics and economics in the Middle East (Gelvin). European investors subsequently shunned these mandated territories and as a result industrial development languished.The United States and other(a) western states suffer high criticisms from the pan-Arabists who view these divisions as both unnatural and deliberate. These calls stretch into voiced contain against Israeli occupation of Palestine and perceived US foreign aggression on Iraq. The rallying song for better education and health is based on two principle ideals (Richards and Waterbury)Furthermore, there seems to be congruence in economic thought of both neoclassical and Marxist economists. The former postulating

Sunday, April 28, 2019

Soccer Injures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soccer Injures - shew Exampleanalysis and assessment of the development of frameworks to address the incidence of sports-related injuries cannot be conducted successfully unless consensus on this counter is established (483).Overuse injuries in soccer or other athletic sports are classified by two elements given the injury is characterized by a steady and measured onset and the occurrence of recurring microtrauma (Roos and Marshall 405).Evidence-based medicine comprises of the assessment of therapies which are supported by extensive research regarding their efficacy, usefulness and intensity with regards to rehabilitating individuals who have free burning an injury while playing soccer.References to high school athletes and college athletes have been conducted to distinguish betwixt players who are representing their team on each level of academia. This distinction is important to distinguish between variability in statistics for each level of soccer participation.Professional athletes are individuals participating in any schoolmaster and recognized soccer league across Americas and Europe including Major compact Soccer (MLS), Barclays Premier League and La Liga.The causes of soccer injuries such as concussions are defined as a direct striking or impact either on the head or any other part of the carcass as a consequence of which the resultant force is transported towards the brain whereby, the brain attracts the transmittal of the force towards it (Edwards and Bodle 128).These outcomes accommodate negative impact on neurological activity, cognitive functioning, headaches, sleep-related issues, decline in level of concentration, reduction in attention span, changes in personality caused by irritability and psychological disorders including major depressive disorders (Edwards and Bodle 129-130).Soccer injuries negatively and adversely impact an individuals physical and psychological wellbeing depending upon the nature of the injury or whether its sust ained impacts are

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Critical Thinking Essay regarding an Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical thought regarding an Article - Essay Examplers initiated a critical thinking on pedagogical medication to seniors victorious their last capstone course in a school of business organization at a Midwestern university. Two classes of seniors was treated as the trial group, one was the control bunch. The instructional method was ground upon Diane Halperns book, Critical thinking Across the Educational module (Halpern, 1997). One of the authors improved this pedagogical medication ground upon the cognitive-behavioral instructional framework outline of Foshay, Silber, and Stelnicki. The medication utilized the California Critical persuasion Skill discharge (CCTST) as the assessment mechanism (Facione, 1990).The exploreers Reid and Anderson (2013) in their article Critical Thinking in a College of blood line Administration executed the medication inside the capstone classes being taught. They joined basic speculation aptitudes into the research accomplishments where the peo ple were assessed as an ordinary piece of the course, to underscore the utilization of these abilities in true business situations. savant basic considering scores expanded essentially in six of the seven parameters of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test. The outcomes of this examination have been distributed widely. The inquiry remains, nonetheless, as to if the learning, aptitudes, and techniques taught in the course were moved into the particular, scholastic, and expert lives of the graduates. The scientists advanced a 16-inquiry overview to furnish both quantitative and qualitative data concerning the pedagogical medicine. Two inquiries were utilized for screening purposes. xi inquiries were quantitative, based upon a 7-focus Likert scale. On this scale, 1 was the most exceedingly bad conceivable score, 7 the scoop conceivable score, and 4 was characterized as unbiased. The analysts sent duplicates of the review along with a stamped return envelope to the graduates w hom they identified. In expansion, duplicates of the review were

Friday, April 26, 2019

The Dangers Of Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Dangers Of ingest - Essay ExampleTherefore, it will be the express intent of this author to focus upon the risk of genus Cancer, quick diseases, up to and including emphysema, and heart disease that smoking has been known to trigger. Moreover, the analysis will also consider the substitute(prenominal) health affects that smoking can visit upon the single exposed to secondhand smoke or nonoperational smoking. Through such an analysis, the far reaching and broad health electric shocks that smoking portends can readily be noted. Whereas many individuals are of the opinion that smoking is a dangerous process that threatens the overall health and benefit of the individual, the fact of the matter is that the overall scope of danger that smoking represents is much greater than most individuals realized. Accordingly, as a means of categorizing this danger and promoting a level of understanding with respect to the full range of minus impact that smoking can have upon the individ ual, this brief analysis will consider and discuss the litany of prejudicial health impacts that smoking engenders. ... will make is one that I based on a ordered framework of understanding the known risks which smoking provides to both the smoker and to those that inhale the second-hand smoke. Firstly, it must be mum that smoking accounts for nearly ? million deaths each and every year within the United States. This is a body-build that is larger than the overall number of people that succumb to HIV/AIDS, illegal drug use, alcohol use, labour vehicle death, suicide, or murders combined. As such, the overall scope of the damage that smoking can have upon an individual is profound and affects their life in a number of different ways. Most obviously, high rates of lung pubic louse can almost entirely be attributed to smoking. Current estimates place this number from 80-90% of all lung cancer cases depending upon what demographic and gender is measured. Regardless of the actual n umber, the statistics that have been provided show that smoking is invariably attributed to high rates of lung cancer and death. Yet, this statistic oftentimes confuses individuals who assume that lung cancer is the only means through which smoking can adversely impact upon the overall health of an individual. However, smoking also increases the chances of developed coronary heart disease by up to several times the normal rate. Moreover, a vast percentage of all deaths that are the result of chronic obstructive lung disease are normally caused by cancer. Yet, of all of the health impacts that can be felt, it is the health impact of cardiovascular disease that is the most overlooked. Due to the impact that nicotine has as well as the arteria hardening properties of prolonged exposure to first or second hand cigarette smoke, the narrowing of channel vessels helps to put smokers at high risk for any type of blockage or

Thursday, April 25, 2019

The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien - Essay practice sessionThere be many reasons as to why the notion that Bilbos decision to go on the adventure was not due to peer pressure but one which was associated with his inner most desires universe put forward. It is easy to conceptualise that people never change, however while some might believe that others put faith in the notion that if given an opportunity everyone changes. As far as J.R.R Tolkiens character Bilbo Baggins is concerned, an alteration of this character that undergoes significant changes is evident to the reader. The truth of the matter is that the true nature of an singular is brought to the surface when he is put under several tests. These tests for Bilbo were the adventures he undertakes. So we might say that this vicissitude might have been insightful but these characteristics, brave, resourceful and adventurous were always who Bilbo Baggins was. These hidden characteristics were a gravid part of why Bilbo Baggins deci ded to undertake this journey in order to find himself. His boring insipid yet comfortable life and his forthright denial were just based on the forced knowledge of the Hobbits as creatures who were not at all adventurous or brave or prone to fetching risks. Where society believed he was a coward he managed to prove them wrong in the way we receive Bilbo bid the great spider by using his humble sword. We see how slaying the great monster do Bilbo realize that without anyone elses help he had managed to overcome a great hurdle. This independence and bravery were his be characteristics as he had gloriously prevailed as the victor despite the enormity of his opponent. He now managed to see himself as the person Gandalf was known he was when he had extended to him the invitation to embark on the adventure. There are other reasons which would explain why Bilbo was so against the idea of going on the adventure when Gandalf had initially asked him. It had little to do with the Hobb it really wanted but

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Professional Writing Sample Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Writing Sample Assignment - Essay ExampleIt should be brief besides at the same time it should have the ability to capture the lecturers attention. The relevant training must be there. Keeping the audience in mind, the writer should choose the perfect and the desired language. negate using slang, use corporate language instead but in plain format.Another valuable key in business writing is the organization of the text. A good letter always shows a clear cut outline of the information present in the paper. It will greatly armed service to grab the attention of the reader. Give the required and the relevant information first than continue with the less important information. vertical business writing usually has three aspects an introduction, the discussion and the conclusion. Each paragraph should be properly unionized and end with the hint of the next paragraph. Always proofread your paper before sending. It will greatly help in decreasing the chances of error (R obert Group).Business writings by students usually lack clarity. Achieving clarity in writing is one of the most difficult tasks. They have to choose proper and appropriate words that take up suit the situation. Another important factor that has to be introduced in business writings by the students is the confidence. present confidence in corporate letters and writing is an essential thing. There should be proper lines in the writing showing the writers confidence and courtesy towards the reader.Most of the business writings by students end abruptly. The reader is left astray to think about various aspects of that topic and in doing so there is a chance that the reader makes his or her own opinion, which may be right or wrong. This is the worst flaw they make. It should end with proper ending notes and business manners. It is against the professional courtesy to end the letter with no notes. out front ending your writing, be sure that you have provided the complete information y ou were supposed to provide. Do not abjure anything

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

A case study on a patient with Shingles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A case study on a patient with herpes zoster - Essay sheathThis patient has been selected because prevention and control of infection is very critical in crowded institutions like prison, immigrant camps, hostels and oldage homes. distant control of infection can lead to an outbreak and shut down of the organization. The name of the patient allow for not be disclosed for purpose of confidentiality. The case is presented after obtaining consent for presentation and discussion.60 form old Mr. X was imprisoned 2 months ago. One one morning, he was noticed to have pyrexia and malaise. Within 48 hours, Mr. X developed vesicular eruptions over the thoracic region. The physician in-charge was contacted and on examination, it was support that the signs and symptoms of Mr. X relate to shingles. On inquiry, Mr. X revealed that he never contracted white-livered pox in childhood and he was never vaccinated for chicken pox or shingles. There was no other case identified at the time. The p hysician in coordination with Infection Control and Prevention Board force some guidelines for the management of the disease and also prevention of spread of the disease to other inmates of prison and staff.Shingles or Herpes Zoster, a viral infection caused by the virus varicella -zoster virus or VZV is a common problem in older adults like Mr. X (Cadogan, 2010). In childhood, this virus causes chicken pox. Following a clinical or sub-clinical attack in childhood, the virus remains dormant in the spinal ganglia. In adulthood, this virus can cause Shingles, which is deadlier than chicken pox. Shingles is a syndrome and is characterized by vesicular rash that is painful and unilateral. Most of the times, the distribution is dermatomal. The rash of Shingles first appears as patchy erythema with or without induration, followed by development of grouped herpetiform vesicles over the ertythematous base. However, in immunosuppression, the infection can spread and cause desolate systemic illness involving of multiple organs and multiple

Monday, April 22, 2019

Two Million Minutes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two one thousand million Minutes - Essay ExampleThis is providing the Indian and Chinese students with an edge over the American students academically, and is contributing to their lush economic growth. This comes as a challenge for the US. In order to cope with the future challenges, it is imperative that creative debateing is encouraged at every level. Even the five and six year old Indian students be so clear about their ambitions and have stunningly high c atomic number 18er aspirations. The highly intellectual, engaging, and yet anomalous personalities of the Indian professionals can be attributed to their school system. Indian students in the middle school are significantly advanced as compared to the American students at their level in school. Indian students graduating from high schools are both to three years ahead of the American high school graduates with respect to skills and knowledge.Although I consent with wharf Compton for the most part on his stance over the issue he has raised, yet I think that his argument was not sufficiently strong. According to Bob Compton, math and science are valuable because these subjects divine service the students become skilled professionals so that they can earn good money in the high technical school industry. The aspect overlooked by Bob Compton is the value and significance of these cognitive subjects to the society as a whole outside the sphere of economics. The issue that the US government and the concerned authorities in the US need to target is the quality of education provided in the schools in the US. It is good that students in the US are allowed more freedom and variety to choose their profession from. Students from India and China are not very advantaged in this respect. However, the curriculum selected for the different levels of education in the US lacks the depth and elements that are required to enable the American students to compete with the students of the growing economies intellectuall y. Another fundamental element that lacks in the US and that provides

The Advantages of Steel in Building Construction Assignment

The Advantages of Steel in Building Construction - Assignment ExampleAnother aspect that can no longer be neglected is the environment, both inside as well as outside the building is to be considered and inclined the senior high level of consideration in design and wind of the building. Latest advances in technology and high appraisal in energy has influenced the mindset of the client to select and use energy efficient products and design, even if they cost a bit more in the start but they eventually pay backward their expenses. It is no longer a choice but a compulsion for designers and constructors to save energy as well as environment and at the same succession its the clients and his accepted estates advisers social responsibility to dictate these terms in the facilitys construction and have knowledge as well as encourage these technologies as much as possible. there are mainly two types of places that are to be constructed as the part of the establishment. The first part is the 12 storey Headquarter block whose height would be around 40m, this would be just a typical billet building and the spaces would be designed in a similar manner. The second requirement of the client in the facility is of a showroom/ retail facility which is going to be constructed just in earlier of the main office block, this separate facility would be used for the display of different products and so the space requirement of this would be entirely different from that of the office block. The basic requirements of this space are that it should be a single storey and 35 m wide span, these attributes make this part of establishment unique and this social organization has to be designed accordingly. The third and the most governing requirement of the client in the construction is that the time for construction should be as short as possible and the facility should be brought into service in minimum time period and the last requirement which would dictate the construction and its techniques as a self-coloured is that the facility should eco friendly at all its levels both during the construction phase and during the service life as well.

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Medicalization as social control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medicalization as social control - Essay ExampleThe of import question being pondered is to what extent this influence goes? Three variations of the serve of social control being impact by the medical field have been offered the changing face of medicalization, the relatively new phenomenon of biomedicalization and the contradictory bewitch of demedicalization. It appears that these processes vary across cultures (Conrad, 1992) and some examples have been documented though most research to date has think on the westerly world. This essay will discuss medicalization, biomedicalization and demedicalization and their relationship to social control in Western societies along with a brief overview of that changes that have occurred over the years. Finally, an attempt will be made to shrive which of the processes is most relevant today.Medicalization is seen to be a sociocultural process that consists of finding a way to intake medical language to describe an issue (Conrad, 2005). A very clear-cut way to define medicalization has been that it is a process whereby more and more of everyday life has come under medical dominion, influence and direction (Zola, 1983). A common-day example of this is while in the past a patient was only required to wear out to their mend the symptoms of the ailment, nowadays people also tend to articulate information about their lifestyle and habits and still worries (reference). For the doctor to improve the patients condition, it is often lifestyle changes that are recommended (reference). For conditions such as purport problems, numerous doctors recommend dietary changes even before there is any sign of heart trouble. The doctor is essentially trying to prevent a disease or ailment before it starts and in the process is inadvertently extending the web of medicalization and hence social control. Another fine example of this is in the case of exam for human immunodeficiency virus

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Admission Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Admission - Article Example deep down the campuses, libraries, classrooms and laboratories are equipped with facilities that fulfil state-of-the-art technology. In the final two years of their studies, students take get around in a minimum of six experiences in clinical fieldwork (nonspecific urethritis, 2014). Through this, they are not only exposed to practical experience in building their skills, but also potential employers and the professional environment. Further, graduates pay off the opportunity to proceed to masters and doctoral degrees either at NSU or other institutions. A significant inspiration comes from the therapist that has been supervising my volunteer hours, who is also a graduate of NSU. Through his management and support throughout the volunteer hours, it is evident that NSU produces professionals who are passionate about their work. Apart from academics, NSU offers vibrant student and faculty life throughout its campuses which include cultural activities, pr ofessional and social events, physical fitness and wellness clubs and, more importantly, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletics (NSU,

Friday, April 19, 2019

Answer 1 of 2 given questions with given sources Essay

Answer 1 of 2 given questions with given sources - raise ExampleWhile some perceive him as a leader who abused federal agencys and ignored the ideals of the french Revolution, others consider him as a successful leader who delivered the ideals of the French Revolution to his subjects. In this paper, I result comprehensively discuss the figure of catnap Bonaparte, his domestic and foreign policies, with an aim of illustrating whether he destroyed or preserved ideals of the French Revolution.Napoleon was a great strategist, a genius, a man with great frugality and very keen to protect his reputation. He had no friends and loved nobody simply because he believed that a man must be firm and have a resolute heart in piece to protect the freedoms of citizens and fight the enemies of political, economic and social progress1. In the Napoleons diary, he evidently believed that his success and reputation depended on his ability to win wars, and this made him fight strongly for the free dom of French nationalist. My power proceeds from my reputation, and my reputation from the victories I have wonconquest has made me what Im alone conquest can admit me.2 Being a genius and a strategist enabled him maintain an army that could hardly be overpowered. He had a team of secret police that was headed by Joseph Fouch, spies in every corner of his territory to counteract unfriendly governments and watch the actions of friendly powers3. The police force that was support by millions of taxpayers money was predominant in helping Napoleon seize freedom from his political adversaries. Whats more, in many battles, he fought alongside his militias hence giving them inspiration and the army became very incorruptible to him.Apparently, it makes sense to consider Napoleon as a leader who preserved the ideals of the French Revolution. Upon completion of the revolution, Napoleon had fulfilled the ideals that the

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Childhood Obesity in Mississippi Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

childishness Obesity in Mississippi - Assignment ExampleNumerous and severe wellness issues are link to obesity which include enlarged endangerment for feel disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Significantly, overweight children are attached to become obese adults (statistically 80%), overlook schooling and academic performance, and develop chronic diseases and coronary heart disease in adulthood. To deal with the burning issue of overweight children in Mississippi, the adduce has undertaken several clever indemnity regulations, statutes and standards, including the Mississippi Healthy Students Act in April 2007. As a result of the various efforts to sign up the childhood obesity evaluate in the state, Mississippi has recently been recognized as one of the clear states a propos school health policy implementation. To raise awareness, encourage better health, and provide healthier environments across the state, government departments need to continue to work together, sup port each other, and coordinate their efforts to make a unyielding impact. (Mississippi Department of Educations Office of Healthy Schools, p. 5). Notably, the policy issue of childhood obesity in Mississippi has been of particular interest to the profession of nursing, because these policy matters are carried out at this level of health industry. This paper makes a reflective research on the issue of childhood obesity in Mississippi, including the policy analysis, in order to help the policymakers in finding the best-equipped programs to deal with the issue at hand.In a profound analysis of the policy issue of childhood obesity in Mississippi, it becomes lucid that the state has the highest rates of childhood obesity in the United States and this issue has invited serious attention to the health policy makers of the state and the nation. The issues related with childhood obesity are numerous and they include both health consequences and psychological problems. Thus, risk factors c onnected with

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Finale Paper Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finale Paper Outline - concession ExampleComplication is another principle of interpersonal communication. In this principle, it should be understand that communication involves a number of variables, making even simple request really complex. Lastly, interpersonal communication is contextual and therefore, bottom of the inning never be done in isolation. In every communication, there are aspects such(prenominal) as psychological, cultural, rational, situational, and environmental factors complex, determining the context in which an individual could speak (Goman, 2014). Other than the principles, there are mixed barriers to effective interpersonal interaction. These admit physical barriers, emotional, and cultural and language barriers. Dependent on the situation involved each of the above aspects limit effective interpersonal interaction. For new couples, it is important that you limit the occurrence of such aspects in order to enhance and sustain the relationship (Sullivan, 20 10).Despite avoiding the barriers to effective interaction, it is evident that conflicts still arise. In such instances, it is important that you avoid the win-loss situations. None should be a winner or a nonstarter (Luquet, 2007), but instead any decision reached should be for the benefit of both parties. Another means of adjudicate conflicts in a relationship and most especially for the newly married, is to avoid conflict causing situations. appointment causing conflicts are usually instances in which there is lack of appropriate communication channels surrounded by a wife and a husband (Sethi and Manisha, 2009). The most appropriate means of resolving such conflicts include appreciating the differences that exist between the individuals.Words indeed have power, and therefore, it is important to choose the words used very wisely. Words can never change reality however, they can change the perception to reality. Words make a link between liking an individual and disliking the

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Descriptive Essay About Mothers Cookies Essay Example for Free

Descriptive Essay About Mothers Cookies EssayMany students enter college expecting dear(p) times, knowledge, friendships, and a newborn sense of direction. When I first got to William Penn I didnt believe I would evolve any of that. As time has passed I realized that WPU does have a lot to offer still everything takes patients. I likewise had to realize that everything wasnt going to come easy either. I soon institute out that college comes with ch altogetherenges and struggles because of the great demands and expectations that comes with success. The demands of doing many different things with very little time can become overwhelming. just now I believe Im starting to get the hang of it. There are a limited number of students on the campus so it makes it easier to focus in class thats something I actually like. Putting in long hours and worrying about class does bring extra stress precisely Im learning to balance it all out. Coming to WPU has also taught me to have an open ming that I cant just do the tihngs that I know how to do. I have to try new things that im unconfortable doing. I believe attending this university will open many doors for me. It will also help me hop on and become a better student . WPU wiil also help me build my career and start my feel on the right path. I chose to come to William Penn becaus I knew that a school distant away would bestow me a better chance to focus on school without too many distractions. Another cause I chose William Penn is because Im very deticated to basketball and coach Henry offered me scholarship money to give me an oppurtunity to play. I also did my research and I noticed that the basketball team had a great season and great program. So I figured it was an honor that William Penn wanted me. I also have lived in Louisiana my exclusively life so i was really read for the college experience and something different other than Louisiana. So far Im feeling that William Penn was the right choice fo r me. I needed a new start away from all my problems back home. I was really making bad choices that was starting to lead my life in a direction that i was not prepared for. Ofcourse all my problems are not going to just go away but being at William Penn is giving me an oppurtunity to live my dreams and revatuate myself as a soulfulness. Then I will be able to deal with my issues back home as a different person with a better mind set. So I definately dont regret coming to this school because it is keeping me grounded and make character.Read AlsoDescriptive Essay Topic Ideas

Affects of Capital Punishment on Society Essay Example for Free

Affects of ceiling penalisation on Society EssayTo take a life when a life has been disjointed is revenge, not justice ( qtd. in Anti- finish Penalty). keen penalty, or the end penalization, has been well-nigh in about change of variation for centuries. It is enforced upon sorrys who admit been convicted of the most heinous crimes, such as homicide. There adjudge been debates end-to-end metre as whether or not the demise penalisation is appropriate punishment. Valid arguments of support and contradiction in terms of metropolis punishment ca-ca come up over time, making citizens believe it is a hard-bitten decision for lawmakers to choose whether or not to allow the remainder penalty. The decision is simple. Capital Punishment should be abolished through disclose the country because it is an unfair and unnecessary way of castigation that contains more flaws and serves no justice for those mingled.Executions draw been held in the United States as far back a s history recognizes. Beginning in 1976, states have begun to come to their senses and finally abolish the death penalty. The number of American civilians who oppose the death penalty have also more than double since then, showing that more than whizz-third of the population now oppose enceinte punishment ( 2001Jost 948). Since 1976, more that 1,000 proceedings have occurred in the United States. Between the thirty-eight states that approve of the death penalty, and the cardinal that have utilise in since 1976, there ar five different execution methods that ar uncommitted, to each one having their disadvantages ( Friedman 85).The first of these execution styles is death by hanging. Until the late clxxx0s, this reference of finish off was the primary execution graphic symbol in the united states. Many states have since s cabbageped hangings, but it has not been gotten rid of completely. Currently, it is still used in Delawargon, Washington, and New Hampshire. The last re cord execution hanging dates back to January 25, 1996 in Delawargon, when Billie Bailey was hung for existence convicted of the murder of an elderly couple. Hanging is just one of the several disturbing shipway in which justice is served in America ( Friedman 74).An new(prenominal) way of performing the death penalty is by the use of lethal gas. It is arguably the least(prenominal) violent of execution methods, and it does not mar, or disfigure, the body. There is little pain involved, and it takes minimal time to perform. Several states use this type of execution, including California, Maryland, Mississippi, and Wyoming. The latest recorded execution by lethal gas was in 1999 in Arizona ( Friedman 74). If there were such a thing as the best execution method, this would be the one.The rarest of type of performing capital punishment is by the use of a kindling team. First, the convicted is led into an execution room where he will sit upon a blood absorbing chair. He is placed fo rward five gunmen, holding four bullet guns and a blank, so that the killers would not be identified. After being cover with a black hood, members of the firing squad aim for the heart, instantly killing the criminal. The latest firing squad execution was in January of 1996, when lavatory Albert Taylor of Utah was sentenced to the death penalty. Death by firing squad is very uncommon and is used only upon an inmates request ( Friedman 74).The most currently used method of capital punishment is lethal injection. The performance consists of three drugs entering the bloodstream. They include sodium pentothal, which knocks out the individual, pancuronium bromide, which causes widespread paralysis, and lastly, kilobyte chloride, which induces a heart attack, killing the convicted criminal. Death penalty supporters believe this type of injection is the most humane, because it is verbalise that once the first drug enters the bloodstream, that the dupe drifts off to sleep and feels no p ain. However, there is no certainty backing this theory up, and taking into the consideration of the strength of potassium chloride, it is nearly impossible to believe that the person does not feel any pain ( Friedman 77).Lastly, electrocution is the fifth and final type of execution. First introduced in the 1880s, it is currently the second most common type of criminal murder behind lethal injection. The bear on begins with the criminal being thoroughly shaved to avoid interference with the electrical current. Then they are strapped into an electrocution chair. A saline-moistened sponge is placed upon the persons head to conduct the electric current that flows throughout the body. This is then covered by a metal hat. The prisoner is then blindfolded. A flip is then switched, sending anywhere from 500-2000 volts of electricity through the body, hoping to kill the person within seconds. Ten states allow this type of execution, and it is the only type of execution permitted in Neb raska. It is by far the most cruel type of criminal punishment, due to the particular that the prisoner is caused an immense amount of pain. A specific case involving this occurred in Alabama in 1983. John Louis Evans caught fire while being kill, and it took over 14 minutes before he was finally pronounce dead. All types of the death penalty are brutal murders, but electrocution by far is the whisk ( Friedman 75). Because the current death penalty law, while neutral on its face, is applied in such a manner that nation of color and the curt are disproportionately condemned to die, the law is legally and morally incapacitate ( qtd. in Friedman 61). Capital Punishment is a heinous type of punishment as it is, and the fact the legal age of cases are unfair makes it even worse. If the death penalty is to continue, a better effort at least impoverishments to be made to make sure that only defendants that by the lawmakers standards deserve to be killed shall be executed. Whether the situation involves racism, the region in which the crime is committed in, financial wealth, or mental capacity, the death penalty is being unfairly applied upon too many individuals.Racism is one of the most common ways in which Capital punishment is unfairly enforced. In the year 2000, a series of studies was done by the United States Department of Justice. Results from the study show that Caucasians were more than twice as likely to receive plea-bargains in homicide cases than black defendants. A separate study showed that it was at least twice as likely that the criminal prosecution would seek the death penalty if a black person killed a uncontaminating person, than if a white person killed a black person. A similar 3,900 case study by Jack Boger, a law professor at the University of North Carolina, confirms the statement that if a white human is murdered, it is twice as likely the prosecution will seek the death penalty ( Progressive 135-36). The amount of black criminals that are on death track are beyond all imaginations.Richard Dieter, executive director of the Washington Death Penalty Information Center, did a studying on criminal cases in which capital punishment was want by the prosecution. Results showed that 72% of these cases involved a black defendant. Amnesty International is also one of the many organizations that believe too that the death penalty is racist. The organizations tell apart shows that since 1977, the amount of black and white murder victims are nearly equal. However, over 80% of these homicides that received the death penalty involved having a white victim ( 2001Jost 952). Black people are unfairly treated when it comes to capital punishment, but they are definitely not the only ones.Secondly, the unfairness of capital punishment is brought out by a defendants wealth. Poor defendants receive attorneys who are inexperienced, underpaid, and unmotivated, giving them slim chances of having a chance of innocence. A statement f rom the United Nations Human Rights Commission utter that an poverty-stricken criminals chances of receiving the death penalty increase immensely compared to a rich person, only because of a poor defensive argument ( Parks 57). Amnesty International also reports that 95% of inmates on death trend are not even wealthy enough to afford their own attorney, possibly being the grounds that they are there ( 2010Jost 973). Although it is said that money cannot buy happiness, it sure has the ability to keep a convicted criminal alive.Over the past few decades, it has been evident that many parts of the country overuse the death penalty quite a bit. In a 2004 study by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, it shows that that the southbound has carried out 85% of the nations executions, with over half of executions in the United States coming from Virginia, Florida, and Texas, who leads the nation with over 375 executions since 1976 ( 2005Jost 789). Also, out of the top ten states in which capital punishment is used most, the furthest north is the state of Virginia. With all the evidence pointing towards the south becoming a safer place by executing vicious criminals, it is actually the exact opposite. The south has the highest crime rate throughout the country by far, and is the most dangerous region to live in. On the other hand, the northeast has performed the least number of executions. The region also has the lowest murder rate in the country ( Friedman 37). Evidence clearly shows that the south is executing way too many people, and it part of the bill as to why the south has so many homicides.We shall never execute anybody who is mentally retarded (qtd. in Progressive 132). This quote made by President George W. Bush shows that the debate of whether or not mentally retarded criminals should be up for execution continues today. Before 2002, 36 states had prohibited the use of capital punishment on mentally retarded defendants. In June of 2002, the supreme court restitutiond a ruling, ending the execution of those with intelligent disabilities. Although this may sound like good news, it still is not nearly enough. Regulations for states classification of an intellectual alter person include a significantly limited amount of functioning and behavior, and some states include that the defendant must have an IQ below 65 to be considered mentally retarded.These limitations may prevent some executions for mentally slow people, but certainly not all. One of the most nationwide known cases of this involved Virginias Earl Washington. In 1983, Washington, having an IQ of 69, was convinced by police that he was guilty of the rape and murder of a Virginia woman. After confessing he was sentenced to execution. In 2000, just days before his execution date, Earl was pronounced innocent and released from prison ( Intellectual Disability). This is just one of the many examples of unknown injustices that occur when mentally slow persons are available to r eceive the death penalty, no matter what their IQ is. It is believed that there are still over 600 people on death row that can be considered in some way, mentally retarded ( Ross 84).Capital punishment in the United States has numerous problems that hurts the justice system immensely. While real criminals are executed and taken off the street, the pros of execution do not outweigh the disadvantages of it. Cost, exoneration, time spent on death row, and the fact that capital punishment does not deter murder are all major issues that need to be understood so that people fully understand why the death penalty should be abolished. The extra money spent on the death penalty could be spent on other means of achieving justice and making the community safer compensation for victims, better lighting in crime areas, more police on streets, or longer periods of incarceration for certain offenders ( Friedman 12). Cost is a big issue when it comes to the choice between capital punishment or kee ping a criminal behind parallel bars for life. Many believe that execution saves the country a great deal of money. It actually is the exact opposite, make states such as Florida and Indiana an extra forty million dollars on executions annually for each state. The medium cost of an execution in the United States ranges anywhere from 2-5 million dollars. This includes the time spent on death row, plus the execution itself. The cost to keep a criminal in prison until death is around $760,000. This surprises many individuals and knowing more information on the death penalty may changes the Capital Punishment views of Americans ( Fagan).The United States is known for being the most active state when it comes to executions. Those who believe this statement are abruptly correct, because the United States has more death row inmates than any other country in the world ( American Civil Liberties Union 126). All of these people on death row also spend an incredibly long time on death row, which is a main reason that the cost of an execution is so much. In most cases, a death row inmate will spend 10-20 years on average in prison before they are executed. This is due to several things. One is that the government wants to be absolutely sure that the criminal is guilty as charged, even though innocent people have still been executed. another(prenominal) reason is the numerous appeals that these possibly innocent people file, trying to convince others of their innocence. These issues are important in showing that death row is full of inmates for years, where instead, the inmates could be at normal prisons servicing a life sentence ( Friedman 11).In August of 1993, Ruben Cantu of Texas was executed on charges of robbery and homicide. Later, new evidence, as well as a signed statement by the confessed murder, proved Cantus innocence. Many death row inmates have been exonerated through the history of Capital Punishment, and Ruben Cantu is one of many who have been wrongly executed. Another case involved Frank Lee Smith, who was convicted of raping and murdering an eight-year-old girl. Smith spend fourteen years on death row and died of cancer. It was later proven that he was innocent of all charges. Since 1989, there have been more than clxxx post conviction exonerations, thanks to the use of DNA technology. The average person who has been exonerated in one of the 31 states where they have occurred has wrongfully spent twelve years behind bars ( Friedman 21). That is more than 180 too many, and not one of those wrongful convictions was necessary.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Difference Between CML and SML Essay Example for Free

Difference Between CML and SML EssayCML stands for cap Market literary argument, and SML stands for Security Market Line. The CML is a line that is apply to show the rates of return, which depends on unhazardous rates of return and levels of attempt for a specific portfolio. SML, which is as well as called a Characteristic Line, is a lifelike representation of the market places find and return at a given time. One of the differences surrounded by CML and SML, is how the venture factors are measured. While standard deviation is the measure of risk for CML, important coefficient determines the risk factors of the SML. The CML measures the risk through standard deviation, or through a total risk factor. On the other hand, the SML measures the risk through beta, which helps to find the guarantors risk contribution for the portfolio.While the detonator Market Line graphs limit efficient portfolios, the Security Market Line graphs define both efficient and non-efficient portfolios. While figure the returns, the evaluate return of the portfolio for CML is shown along the Y- axis. On the contrary, for SML, the return of the securities is shown along the Y-axis. The standard deviation of the portfolio is shown along the X-axis for CML, whereas, the Beta of security is shown along the X-axis for SML. Where the market portfolio and risk free assets are determined by the CML, all security factors are determined by the SML. Unlike the Capital Market Line, the Security Market Line shows the expected returns of individual assets. The CML determines the risk or return for efficient portfolios, and the SML demonstrates the risk or return for individual stocks. Well, the Capital Market Line is considered to be superior when measuring the risk factors. Summary1. The CML is a line that is used to show the rates of return, which depends on risk-free rates of return and levels of risk for a specific portfolio. SML, which is also called a Characteristic Line, is a graphical representation of the markets risk and return at a given time. 2. While standard deviation is the measure of risk in CML, Beta coefficient determines the risk factors of the SML. 3. While the Capital Market Line graphs define efficient portfolios, the Security Market Line graphs define both efficient and non-efficient portfolios. 4. The Capital Market Line is considered to be superior when measuring the risk factors. 5. Where themarket portfolio and risk free assets are determined by the CML, all security factors are determined by the SML.

Sunday, April 14, 2019

School-based drug-testing scheme Essay Example for Free

School-based drug-testing scheme EssayRecently,the government has launched a voluntary school-based drug-testing scheme. However, some pack suggest that the scheme should be made irresponsible so thatit has a real deterrent strength. spell an article for the school newspaperproviding arguments for and against the lead. End the article by givingyour own opinion. Give your article a title. DearEditor, Is it required to launch Compulsoryschool-based drug-testing scheme? Seven students are arrested for taking drugs. ,Two teenagers died after abusing drugs.Recently, we all become familiar withthe advertise want this. It seems that we must interest action. There is acontroversial issue about launching the compulsory school-based drug-testingscheme. I would like to discuss both of the perspectives. Making the test become compulsory will have agreater effect of stopping drug abuse. The current scheme is voluntary andstudents post decide whether they join the test. IN essence, students who takedrugs will short not join the test. As a result, these students may stilltake drugs even the scheme in effect.On the contrary, displacement the voluntaryscheme into compulsory one is much good. Every student gave to be testedand in that respect is a psychology effect that they indeed have to face penalty if theytake drugs before. This not only make the scheme become effective but also manystudents are stopped from drugs abuse. Compulsory school-based drug-testing schemelowers the crime rate in Hong Kong. It is known that one time a person addict to the drugs, it is extremelydifficult to stop taking drugs.Meanwhile, drugs seller want to make as highprofit as possible, they sell the drugs with expensive prices, Students, whoaddict to the drugs, will use any methods to get enough money to buy drug, Tobe more specific, they may commit crime such as burglary and prostitution, Inother word, the society become disordered and saturated with criminals. Bylaunching comp ulsory school-based drugs-testing scheme, students tear of thepenalty and hence they stop drugs abuse, which in turn lower the teenager crimerate in Hong Kong.Nevertheless there are disadvantages whenlaunching the compulsory drugs test. Compulsory school-based drug-testing schemeis costly and time consuming. In fact, each test of sample acquires variousinstruments and professionals in order to meet high accuracy. These are themain reasons why the test is expensive, In addition, each test expect a lot oftime to give an accurate result. Worse still, several hundred thousands of studentshave to be tested at the same time.A huge amount of money is necessary tosupport the compulsory scheme and a fewer months or years is required to finish theentire test. Some people may suggest that only a fix amount of studentsselected randomly have to encounter the test. Unfortunately, students may thinkthat they probably not be chosen. so the effect of the test is weakened. In my point of view, the re is no denyingthat compulsory school-based drug-testing scheme is effective, but usingalternative shipway at the same time can improve the situation more efficiently.Enhancing drugs education is a suggestion for government. Students should beeducated more seriously about the drawbacks of drugs abuse such as how thedrugs contaminate their organs especially their brains. These can arouse theirawareness on the disadvantages of drugs abuse. On the other hand, parents arerecommended to pay more time with their children. Love is essential for allteenagers. As they have great stress on them about study, more care can helpthem refuse to take drugs. Nothing but only the corporation between governmentand parents can solve the problem.

Friday, April 12, 2019

The Economy of China (Globalization Effect) Essay Example for Free

The Economy of China (Globalization Effect) EssayThe effects of world-wideisation on economical return and the persona of life in China. China holds the second roundst delivery in the world, measured by purchasing Power Parity (a technique used to determine and comp be the relative value of different currencies). From the later(a) 1970s, the Chinese economy has become more marketplace orientated, rather than its former closed and externalizened political system. This change has played a major role in the development of their economy and impact of globalisation. At present, it is the worlds fastest ontogeny major economy. development rates in the Chinese economy develop averaged 10% throughout the past 30 years. By utilising Chinas utter(a) environment for manufacturing with low b enounceline income levels compared to other countries, and little to no policies surrounding work place health and safety, in 2010 China became the worlds largest exportinger. In 2010, 1 9. 8% of the worlds manufacturing output was produced by China, and Industry and Manufacturing account for 46. 8% of Chinas gross domestic product. Apart from the thriving Manufacturing industry, China also produces 45% of the worlds steel and is the worlds third largest self-propelled Manufacturer.Over brand-new-fashioned years, Chinas Urban wages realise received a 13-19% annex to an average of $2472USDp. a. The Chinese Economy has gained both benefit and been disvantaged by globalisation trends. One advantage is China has received extensive amounts of high GDP oer recent years, although it sometimes due to the all over exploitation of their unbelievably cheap trade union movement compared to other countries. China has become almost an essential to the global supply chain because of its cheap labour leading to the massive process we have seen over recent years.Other Positive effects of globalisation include the improvement of living standards due to higher economic consum ption and therefore larger income and contri merelyion to the economy. The amount of utilisement in china has growingd due to the revolt in growth and creation of TNCs and movement of production due to globalisation. This means that in revisal to meet demands, they need to create more jobs which is suited best in China because of low negligible income levels Negative effects of Globalisation on China include environ moral changes and urbanisation. The Chinese Environment has been defame due to rapid pollution and industrial enterprise consequences.The growth of industries specializing in manufacturing has caused the pollution of the air, ground and permanent damage on the surroundings of these factories due to production processes such as burning or pollution from expectant goods. The growth of urbanisation was a result after the rapid increase in jobs around cities, but this force out also lead to the lowering of standards of living and the amount of jobs and resources a vailable elsewhere. The urban cities are unavailing to provide necessities and services the population need. By the end of 2012 52.6% of the Chinese population had become urbanised, an increase from the former 26% in 1990 . Although currently, the cities cannot provide for the amount of multitude urbanising, the government has aimed to create services, increase availableness of necessities and support a range of mass transit around and inside the city as a part of their 5-year-plan for 2011-2015. The creation of low-income apartments is also being accommodated to support the lowest income earners and reduce homelessness. Another problem with this sharp spark in urbanisation is the lowering of workplace safety regulations yet to be created.The people are working in factories with very poor standards which reduce hygiene and can also cause mental issues such as suicides. The Chinese Economy has implemented particular strategies in order to set ahead and stimulate the economic gro wth and development they have received. These policies and strategies are a result of increasing demand because of globalisation in China. The introduction of the Open door policy (essential initiation china into a mass of one time protected foreign bear investment) created a huge utilisation of Chinese labour.Chinese capital and labour resources have become cost-effectively allocated, which wherefore has greatly boosted economic growth and productivity. The Chinese economy then strategically utilised their obvious comparative advantage in export orientated and labour intensifier industries. The Chinese Economys rapid growth is due to creation of particular strategies such us export Incentives and decentralisation of government. Export Incentives are monetary, tax or legal motivations designed to encourage businesses to export certain types of goods or services.This large labour force, huge investments in efficient technology and the introduction of subsidies and incentives h ave created the perfect environment for mass growth of this emerging economy. Chinese exporting alone has generated up to a staggering 36 per cent of Chinas GDP (2006). Since the Decentralization of organisation (the process of redistributing, powers, people or things external from the government) the Chinese GDP per capita has risen from its previous $674 in 1978 to $5,085 in 2004 (ppp adjusted).That is over 7 and a half times greater than the previous recording. This change in government, liberalization of prices, reduction in agriculture resources, and integration into world markets, had proved to be a major cause of the Chinese economic boom over the past 30 years beginning with the open door policy The use of Special Economic Zones in china created an ability to alter the policies and investments in areas suited. For example, lower taxes and lower tariffs and other protection policies were introduced in order to encourage the exportation of technology.Their immediate success fuelled the way for more specific zones in order to utilise the economic boom they were currently experiencing. The implementations of a practise known as the household duty system was a specific quota for agricultural demand created by the government in order to expect self-sufficient in agricultural goods, but continue to redistribute their resources to other more profitable and efficient areas. The farmers and producers were given compensation for completing these merit goods that compared to other industrialised productions, were not very profitable.These strategies allowed the Chinese people and economy to thrive during economic boom but also increase their standard of living. The Chinese Government has introduced a way to change economic strategies and policies in order to relate to the current economic activities. This plan is called the 5-year-plan, a set of policies that have to remain active for the remaining 5 years until they are reassessed for the new economic activit ies. This 5 year plan applies for all regions of china, and is used in order to map strategies for economic development, setting growth targets, and launching reforms.The 12th 5 year plan (2011-2015) outlines their planned urbanisation amount, GDP growth and estimated output from industries and the building of new low-income apartments to reduce poverty and increase the standard of living for the Chinese Population. The policies can also aim to stabilize their current growth, make incomes more equal and improve hearty infrastructure. The Chinese government believe that the increase of employment and reduction in unemployed population is the screening priority to create stability in their rapidly growing economy.By the end of 2005, the registered unemployment population in urban areas reached 8. 39 million, and the registered unemployment rate in the urban areas was 4. 2 per cent. In order to counteract the growing unemployment, The Chinese Government applied structural Proactive e mployment Policies in order to create incentive and encourage unemployed members of the Chinese population to look, create, or innovate their own employment These practises were used to promote the economic growth but also increase the poor standard of living in China.These include 1. Encouraging the unemployed to start up their own businesses. Reducing taxes and charges, plus small loans with discounted interests created a perfect environment and incentive for the Chinese unemployed to stimulate the economy and its growth. 2. Exempting and reducing taxes on enterprises willing to employ disadvantaged unemployed people. 3. Offering particular insurance subsidies for flexible employment terms. Evaluation of Economic Growth and development StrategiesStrategies used by the Chinese Government are all aimed to create, stabilise and promote growth of the Economy and the quality of life of the Chinese people. The Open Door policy has unlocked the swift growth of the Chinese Economy by allo wing the flooding of Foreign Direct Investment. With an increase of Chinas GDP per capita from $153 to $1284 , this single power outlines the success of opening China to Foreign Direct Investment. The open door policy has also created an opening for greater employment, income and therefore better living standards for the Chinese population.This is because the open door policy allows more TNCs and large enterprises to base their factories and outlets around the Chinese population. Export and business incentives have also fuelled a large amount of success though the encouragement of reaching the technical optimum in economies of scale, and employing more people, at a time again, creating more jobs and increasing living standards of the Chinese population. The Decentralization from government is a strategy that started the growth they have received and the increase of economic development in China.Through this decentalisation, the redistribution of income and resources has unlocked t he flood for foreign direct investment, creation of employment and increased the living standards of the population. The 5 year plan has fulfilled its potential by maintaining the economic stability of china, whilst still creating growth. Through the increase of GDP, employment rates, and living standards of the Chinese population, it is obvious that the ever-changing of political policies and goals have succeeded in guiding the Chinese economies growth.This planning allowed the government to change into a market orientated system whilst still keeping the benefits of planning goals, rates and living standards to predict the future of the Chinese economy. The strategies under the Proactive employment policies are used to create jobs and stimulate the economy, whist also fall unemployment and increasing the living standards of the Chinese population. Not only has the policies reduced the people unemployed, but they also can be used to raise the minimum income.Overall, the effects of globalisation on economic growth and the quality of life in china have been mostly benefiting. Through the introduction of new employment, high income and standards of living, and the decentralization of the Chinese government, China continues to gain expediential growth over any other country in the world. The industrialisation of China has proven to be a crucial time for reassessing political strategies and adding policies to benefit the Chinese population.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

The Authors Descriptions Essay Example for Free

The Authors Descriptions Essay reservation a purpose is a talent. Not every oneness can make the right decision in such a short time. Therefore, the two main characters Marco and Danny in the two stories First Crossing (by Pam Munoz Ryan) and The Swede (by Alden R. Carter) permit faced problems in making adult decisions. These decisions changed Marcos and Dannys lives. Additionally, Marco has successfully reached his ambition by hybridization to the join States. On the other hand, Dannys decision puts him in lots of troubles, specifically got him arrested. In the front story, First Crossing, Marco is the main character. Marco is a poor 14-year-old boy. He lived in Mexico with his family. However, he decided to enter the US illegally. Marcos father paid a woman to help them. Marco has made a huge decision by leaving Mexico with his father. Even though Marco made an adult decision to face death, he cease happily entering the US and being with his father. However, as the nar rator said, He looked out the window at the people in the cars on the freeway. They were all headed somewhere in the United States of America. Marco wondered how many were headed to a novel world. He knew that he is going to a new world, but he was wondering, how many of those people argon like him.In the other story The Swede. Danny is the main character. Danny is a teenager. He is a student. Luke is a supporter of Danny. After Per-Erik family moved from Switzerland, Per-Erik met Luke and Danny. Therefore, Danny liked Per-Erik, but Luke did not because Per-Eriks father works in the United States. And then, after Per-Erik father discharged 200 workers from the company that he leads. Luke asked Danny obligatory to choose between Pre-Erik or him, Well, youd better start. Because before long everybodys gonna have to take a side and that includes you, your dad, and Mindy Shultz, too. tick it?Danny decided to take Lukes side. And then, Danny and Luke start to bully Per-Erik and his fam ily in many ways. For example, they used trash, dirt, and a groundless deer. At last, Per-Erik family got irritated from what people did to them, they moved back to Switzerland. Additionally, the police know that Danny has a hand in all what happened, so he ends up arrested.To conclude, the two writers have described the two boys Marco and Danny well. On one hand, Marcos decision leads him to get a better life and a nice job. On the other hand, Dannys decision leads him to jail and shamed from his family. Therefore, making a decision has a powerful effectuate on anyone life, so everyone need to have decision making talent that will help everyone to bend these mistakes.

Tuesday, April 9, 2019

Cyber Forensics Essay Example for Free

Cyber Forensics attemptCyber Forensics by Richard Boddington School of Information engine room Assignment 2 Re search Essay Assignment outline Assignment 2 Research Essay is a submission of an try on based on the cyber rhetorical environment and is worth 30% of the overall unit mark Internal and external students undertake the same activities and are assessed the same. ICT248 undergraduate students are assessed a nonher(prenominal)wise from ICT548 post-graduate students in Assignment 2 The submission of a research essay based on the cyber forensic environment. The length of the essay should be ICT248 Undergraduate students 3,500 words ICT548 Postgraduate students 4,500 words 2 Research not a aban gain-range essay You are required to complete and submit a RESEARCHBASED essay describing and discussing the processes AND challenges tangled in identifying, recovering, securing, examining, analysing and preparing digital evidence from a crime scene This covers the theore tical part of the unit and should be based on the lecture/ landshop material, this guide, the lecture notes and, most importantly your own research endeavours In my experience, employers are looking for graduates who possess analytical, research and communication (writing) skills above and beyond the components of the degree 3 The essay MUST contain Introduction and table of table of contents Defining your scope of coverage of the essay meat To stir your grades, you MUST hold some description and parole of the following in your essay let on digital evidence Explain the key principles of cyber forensics Discuss investigation processes intaked to go along locate lead analysevalidate, and present evidence obtained from a computer for evidentiary purposes Discuss and the richness of crime reconstructive memory hypotheses and alternative hypotheses 4 The essay MUST contain induction most students overlook and underestimate the decision this is where you summar ise the facts described in the body of your essay and add your own conclusions based on what you hold in read. No new material should be added here. Grammar and spelling spell check your drafts get a booster amplifier or relative to proof-read your drafts prior to submission References that are cited in the essay use EndNote, if you wish. This is functional from the Library, free of charge. Post your draft to Turnitin (see separate instructions) to ensure that you have not inadvertently plagiarised the work of others Bibliography of other reference material that was used but not cited 5 Essay structure Use appropriate headings and sub-headings that relate to the chosen point The essay should complicate relevant quotations -properly referenced and examples used to support your discussion within the essay Please dont overuse quotations (max 5% of the document and they are not include in the word count) You will also be assessed on the presentation of your essay, as closely as the contents 6 Referencing The quality and breadth of references used will be taken into narration and credit will be given for evidence of wide reading on the topic and use of material from a variety of sources (i. e. , L realizeing Guide, books, journals, websites, newspapers, etc) Marks will not be awarded where correct referencing is not used and willalso not be awarded where the above instructions are not followed entirely assertions by other authors must be correctly referenced. Please restrict your own comments to observations about the work of authors you are quoting Your own world view and statements of unsubstantiated facts (that are not referenced) do not earn marks Please see the Online Resources page on the unit MyLMS homepage. This will picture you with some associate to help you with your essay preparation and writing 7 Turnitin The Research Essay must be in full referenced where theassertions of other authors are being used and must first be su bmitted to Turnitin before it is submitted to LMS as a completed assignment The Turnitin account that will have been prepared for you by the Unit Coordinator and available through the Unit LMS site Late submissions due to delays in submitting assignments through TURNITIN are not movement for seeking an extension for the assignment. 8 Suggested format of the essay Essay style may be in report form or an essay that is your choice Use of heading and a table of contents makes it easier for you to structure the essay in a logical and cohesive form It also makes it easier for the reader to travel your essay and helps prepare the reader for each new major concept that you are introducing. Refer to the hints and tips on essay writing and referencing that may have already been posted in the MyLMS discussion board. If you are not already making good use of the board by reading the contents, I exhort you to do so Include a descriptive title many students do not do this 9Essay struct ure Introduction an overview of the key issues, concepts, etc. , that you want to share with your reader some of you may wish to include an abstract Body of the essay more details of what you have stated in your introduction use sub headings logical flow of information and key and sub-topics dot points ok, but dont over use them quotes should be kept to a minimum and are not included in the word count extra points awarded for you paraphrasing the work of the authors you quote Use linking paragraphs to introduce the next topic Some room for argument in your essay, but restrict this to your opinion of the work of credible authors you include in your essay 10 Reference materials Referencing as above ensure it meets the academic standards of the university. Suspected plagiarism will be reported to the Dean so take care to avoid it For an essay of this standard of measurement I suggest at least 5 quality journal or book articles per topic. Bibliography to include thos e references you looked at but did not include as a reference will also enhance your essays credibility 11 Searching for materials Try the new iGoogle feature that incorporates SFX FindIT to enhance your search for quality articles and books on the essay topic http//wwwlib. murdoch. edu. au/mylibrary/tools. html 12 13 Criteria Assignment bodily structure Max marks 3 Comments Mark awarded Introduction, objectives, scope, logical flow, headings and subheadings Grammar, spelling 4 Correct English workout Coverage of the Topic 15 Coverage, matches scope. Information not appropriately referenced at best gets no marks and at worse may suggest plagiarism. o o o o Analysis, Conclusion and discussionDescribe digital evidence Explain the key principles of cyber forensics. Discuss examination processes used to ? preserve ? locate ? select ? analyse ? validate, and ? present evidence obtained from a computer for evidentiary purposes. Discuss and the importance of crime reconstruction hypothes es and alternative hypotheses. 4 Draws together discussion, highlights implications, etc. Citations 4 Used correctly in-text, provide examples included in references References Quality, breadth, completeness, matches citations, Bibliography. TOTAL MARKS 30 14 15

Monday, April 8, 2019

Blue Tooth Technology Essay Example for Free

robust Tooth Technology EssayBluetooth is an open specimen for speech and data transmission. Besides the applications for this new engineering science, e. g. the wireless tie-up between mobile station and terminal equipment, likewise the social system of the Bluetooth system architecture is presented. The set-up of so-called short ad hoc net kit and caboodle (piconets and scatternets) will be introduced. Bluetooth wireless technology is an open, accepted ensample for wireless communication which elbow room that Bluetooth electronic equipment can communicate as long as they are inwardly approx.10 meters of separately otherwise, making it possible to transfer data, speech, music or images without a tangible connection. The mobile telephone performr Ericsson invented Bluetooth technology, naming it after the Viking King Harald Bluetooth. Just as King Harald Bluetooth united Denmark and Norway, Bluetooth technology unites various types of electronic equipment to form a coherent whole. Ericsson formed the prepareation for Bluetooth as early as 1994, but the standard was not ready for habituate until 1998. The first Bluetooth products came on the market in 2000.Today, Bluetooth technology can be found in all types of electronic equipment including mobile phones, mobile headsets, PCs, keyboards, mouse devices, printers, GPS navigation units, video cameras and carrier bag PCs and new products are emerging every day. Today, Bluetooth technology is an essential everyday tool to be found in a variety of electronic equipment. The technology makes it easy to transfer speech between a mobile phone and a headset, a mobile phone and a liberation computer or images from a digital video camera to a PC.Even though two Bluetooth units can discovery each other and be connected, because they twain comply with the standard, it may not necessarily make hotshot for them to speak to each other. For instance, a Bluetooth mouse would not profit much from a co nnection with a digital camera, or a headset with a keyboard. The basic requirement for Bluetooth units to be able to communicate is that they are located within 10 meters of each other. That is the range of the Bluetooth radio waves at least under the sealed standard.The study intents to (1) know the key features of Bluetooth technology (2) evaluate Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) and its key map in maintaining specifications of the protocol, profiles, proveing and qualification, interoperability and compatibility and (3) how Bluetooth applies to wireless technology. II. Background As Bluetooth technology becomes more common, however, we will undoubtedly get a line CD players that send sound to amplifiers via Bluetooth, which then transfer the sound to speakers in the same way.A Bluetooth enabled pocket computer will automatically synchronise with a companys diary and make sure that the days e-mails are ready to be read on the screen. And car radios will deform the mu sic down and transfer the speech from a mobile phone when it rings (see Bluetooth. New modular Encyclopedia, pp. 36-38). Moreover, the Bluetooth s hop is now recognized worldwide on products with short range wireless communication capabilities. The brand is a label that is not a single company technology but is shared by many members of the Bluetooth SIG.The brand is applied to devices implementing the Bluetooth technology even if it says little about the way the technology works (see Bluetooth. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. 36-38). III. Discussion A. Features of Bluetooth Technology The logo for Bluetooth is based on Runes surrounding the legend of Harald Bluetooth. Bluetooth the technology is based on communications central to mans own personal space. Fundamentally Bluetooth operates within the Industrial, Scientific and Medical ( philosophical system) band at 2. 4 GHz.It is a short-range wireless communication standard defined as line of products replacement for a Personal Ar ea Network (PAN) (see Bluetooth. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 87-94). prefigure 1 is the Bluetooth Logo. A cable replacement standard has been defined because cables limit mobility of the consumer they are cumbersome to charter around, are easily lost or broken. Often connectors are prone to difficult to diagnose failures or are proprietary. To counteract these limitations Bluetooth is designed to be light and portable. It can be embedded to take the riggers of physical knocks and shocks.It includes standards and protocols to make it mobile, robust, reliable and not contain to one manufacturer (see Bluetooth. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 87-94). The operating band also fits the goals of Bluetooth, imposing requirements as a cable replacement. The cost needs to be comparable with cable. Reductions can be achieved by operating in the licence free 2. 4 GHz ISM band, keeping loath compatibility wherever possible lowers the cost of ownership by avoiding upgrades a nd having a relaxed radio specification enables single handicap integrated circuit solutions.It also needs to be as reliable and resilient as cable and cope with errors and degradation caused by interference. For mobile devices it must be compact, lightweight, low power and easy to use (see Bluetooth. Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, pp. 87-94). A. 1 Frequency Hopping We have addressed the reasons for the Bluetooth without delving into the nuts and bolts of the technology to discover how it operates. For the majority of countries the ISM band used by Bluetooth is available from 2. 40-2. 4835 GHz, although some countries impose restrictions.In this band Bluetooth uses Frequency Hopping broadcast Spectrum (FHSS) techniques in order to improve its immunity from interference (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth Connect Without Cables, learner Hall). In open countries the radios hop in pseudo random sequences around all available take, this equates to 79 RF roads with a man oeuver spacing of 1 megahertz. Starting at a base frequency of 2402 MHz then the frequency of the channels, f, can be expressed as f =2402 + n MHz where, n, is the channel number with an integer value in the range of 0 to 78.In restricted countries a limited frequency hopping objects with just 23 channels is used and is catered for in the Bluetooth specification. Both hopping schemes have a 1 MHz channel spacing making it possible to design a simple radio port wine whereby the baseband only has to specify a channel number and the radio multiplies this up to the appropriate frequency trip (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth Connect Without Cables, Prentice Hall). In this FHSS scheme there are 1600 hops per second, which is a hop every 625 s.Part of this hop timing is taken up by the guard time of 220 s allowing the synthesizer time to settle. The frequency hopping implements time division multiplexing as shown in go in 2. The basis of the scheme has the Master device transm itting in the first 625 us slot, k, and here the Slave receives. In the side by side(p) slot k = 1 the Slave is permitted to transmit and the master listens (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth Connect Without Cables, Prentice Hall). Figure 2 Frequency Hopping, master and slave interact on corresponding slotsThe radio must be able to retune and stabilise on a new frequency within tight time constraints. This is pushed throw out when establishing a connection the hop rate can be shortened to every 312. 5 us. As the radios are constantly hopping to different radio channels, this ensures that packets affected by interference on one channel can be retransmitted on a different frequency channel. To further enhance resilience both ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) and FEC (Forward Error Correction) form part of the specification (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth Connect Without Cables, Prentice Hall).One drawback with the median(prenominal) hop sequence is the time taken for p roduction testing. Bluetooth ensures adequate frequency coverage with a test sequence allowing the radios to be tested at a faster rate (see J. Bray and C. F. Sturman, Bluetooth Connect Without Cables, Prentice Hall). A. 2 The Bluetooth SIG and Specifications If the success of Bluetooth is measured by its initial interest alone then its prominence has already been assured. Before products were on sale, hundreds of companies joined the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) and the Bluetooth brand became recognized worldwide.Before canvass the technology further it is appropriate to comment about the role played by the SIG, the administrative structure of which is outlined in Figure 3. With membership of the SIG nearing 2500 members it is only right to look at how the SIG works to promote, shape and define the specification and position Bluetooth in the market place. Positioning of the technology is important when you consider other wireless technologies that share the same ISM band , e. g. IEEE802. 11b, HomeRF and DECT. Differentiation is key in avoiding confusion of potential users.

Sunday, April 7, 2019

PDA Simulation Decision Essay Example for Free

PDA Simulation Decision EssayThe score obtained for this rivulet was 1,223,926,982. The conduce was relatively encouraging given the fact that it was higher than the previous score. There is an admission, however, that in that respect is still get on for melioratement.Substantially the same strategies were used for this test. These strategies are 1) for handheld X5 the outline used was to lower its price in suppose to attract more buyers and to maximize short-term profit in facet of the fact that the mart is mature and the intersection has been in market for three (3) years (Scott Allen, 2002) b) for Handheld X6 the strategy used was to deal substantial amount for interrogation and Development accompanied by an increase in its price in view of the fact that this product is being purchased for its excellent performance, high quality, and attractive appearance (Ivana Taylor, 2008) c) for Handheld X7 the strategy used was to lower the price of the product in view of the fact t hat it is a new product which has been out only for 1 year and a significant portion of its market is still untapped but at the same time there should be an improved allocation in its Research and Development and d) products which have fully saturated their market should be discontinued. The change in strategy for this test is that changes were likewise made in the Research Development allocation. This is due to the fact that the consumers for particular product such(prenominal) as for X6 and X7 were looking for quality and performance in the said items. For this reason, it would be necessary in order to meet their expectations to improve product quality and performance by allocating substantial amount for Research Development. It essential however be stressed that the increase or decrease in Research and Development must(prenominal) be accompanied by change in price.The result was quite pleasing as the initial goals were achieved in terms of market saturation and improved sa les. At the start of the simulation the goal of the partnership was to be able to attract as many new customers as possible. Following the principle of right of Demand, the products which are being sold to low-end customers are sold at lower prices so as to improve demand for the product.The company was willing to spend as much for the Research and Development with a view that the amount expended for the development of X6 and X7 products will redound to more customers and more sales. This was achieved for this test as the market for X5 was entirely saturated. This means that X5 was sold to all potential customers. While the market was not completely saturated for X6 and X7 products, there are indications that there was substantial increase in the number of customers. For instance, for X6 products market saturation improved from 74% to 90% while for X7 products market saturation improved from 10% to 15%. This is shown in figure 1 below.

Saturday, April 6, 2019

Speech motivating people Essay Example for Free

Speech motivating raft EssayYou never know what you arrest until its gone.In this modern contemporary society, we are flooded with images of success, money and power, only if puddle you actually delved deeper into societys faade and what it means to be alive? As a psychologist, I choose encountered numerous individuals with diverse dilemmas, each one unique in their own way, but many have one thing in common, they determine spiritedness for granted.Human beings have a curious depicted object to take things for granted. The most exquisite diamond loses its lustre with familiarity. The most compatible intimate becomes boring. Miracles like the perfunctory sunrise fail to astonish because theyre commonplace Repetition and time dull our sense of wonder. We endow gewgaw with powers and attributes that it does not really possess. When a thing becomes familiar to us, the mystery we have projected onto it is lost. We see it without the traverse of our imaginings. The irony in this idiosyncrasy of human character is that we are disappointed by the very things that utilize to excite us.The most profound patient that has ever crossed my path was a young daughter suffering from spinocerebellar degeneration, a terrible disease w present the cerebellum of the brain gradually deteriorates to the point where the victim cannot walk, speak, write, or eat. This young lady was around 17 and was smoothly voyaging by year 11 when she was diagnosed with the disease. Enrolled in a top discriminating high school with a bright prospect ahead, the heart wrenching news brought tears to her eye for the many sessions we had together, it pained my heart to see her journeying suddenly cut short. The point she asked me wherefore me, why do I have to die early? left me at a crossroad, paths lay ahead me as I tried to pick which response was the most paramount to cheer her up.Looking deep at her beautiful face streamed with tears, my heart shattered, I asked her wheref ore do we have life? Why do we get to have this experience at all? We werent promised any deal. We arent owed this opportunity to create experiences. No one was under any obligation to deliver us any particular deal in this realm. And yet we are here. A wide open opportunity to wake up and do something completely different every day. Every day, every momenteven, an opportunity to create something in our life. This is the same question I pose to you today. She faced a greater obstacle than us, but she stood firm and persevered, writing in her diary to remember her experiences until she could no longer hold a pen. She managed to face her cruel fate with a positive outlook, and tried her best to do whatever she could by herself.A while back, my father passed absent from cancer, it wasnt like we werent expecting it, its one of those things you know is inevitable, but you dont really believe it will ever happen. Parents are a constant part of our life, a part so constant and so close t hat we often take them for granted. The reality is that they can disappear so incredibly fast. People we love can be here one day and gone forever the next.Our days on this earth are numbered, and its something we often forget. If in that respect are things in your life that you pauperization to change, or things that you want to do, dont wait. Are you living the way you want to be remembered? I had put off simply picking up the phone and calling my protactinium to tell him how much I loved him, and now Ill never have a expectation to again. If I could travel back in time, I would in a heartbeat to bridge the infract between our relationships.People desire so many things and waste their days in vain. Some fade for gold, others for power, yet others for glory and a higher position. But when deaths moment nears and they look back at their lives theyve lived, they pass water theyve been happy only during those moments when theyve loved. Our lives are but a fleeting moment in tim e. They come and go so quickly. Live each day of your life to the fullest, as it its all going to end tomorrow. You have to live for what you have, live for now, grasp every second that you can. Appreciate and love everything there is. Cherish every breath you take, every smile you share, and every tear that falls. These are the moments that pass without a single thought.My journey has been full of poignant experiences, but it isnt through the destination that we discover the important lessons in life, but through thehighway that we travel on, the obstacles we encounter that forces us to come face to face with reality. Thats when we learn that our most despotic messages. You never know what you have until its gone. I never fully realized just how deep the sum of that sentence really was, until I have experienced it, and it was too late.A final quote which I would like to impart to you was by Abraham Lincoln, In the end, its not the years in your life that count. But its the life i n your years.BibliographyJone Johnson Lewis 1995, site I used to find the quotes.Ichi Rittoru no Namida (one litre of tears), video recording sparked the whim of the speech and used the basic plot.Robert McChesney 2004, The Problem of the Media, Monthly Review Press gave me some ideas of what the media projects onto contemporary society.

Friday, April 5, 2019

Design Liability under National Engineering Contract (NEC)

material body Liability downstairs National Engineering Contr be (NEC) see Liability at a lower place NEC troubleEvery pull or technology project is generally initiati wholenessd and occasionally defects occur as a result of defective figure. These defects if possible then be gather in to be rectified and this has associated costs. Where interested parties locoweed non harbour on which of them is responsible for the defect they a good deal stress a judicial remedy to allocate costs. To bar this legal entanglement the majority of bend projects ar carried verboten downstairs the relative control of a have that identifies the party that is responsible for the fancy.The degree of indebtedness dep prohibits on how the architectural plan responsibility has been allocated below the become. However, the entangled interaction of various legal elements with contractual provisions can consequently make this backbreaking to determine. For give outing persona a contra ct should consent to for the incorporation of clear acceptable trains of obligation to both parties. search by Gaafar and Perry (1998) suggests using a contract that allows for a spectrum of obligation such as the NEC/ECC. This allows the take of responsibility to be tailored to the case-by-case project by the inclusion of secondary cla functions.An other retainer that essential be investigated is that even if the de condense responsibility is not allocated under the contract, or no indite contract exists, a level of responsibility under tort almost always exists. This responsibility is often forgotten and is r atomic number 18ly referenced in the contracts schoolbook.The level of de cut liability differs depending on what type of physical composition the room decorator whole kit for. For type, the level of design liability is the same in tort for a consultancys cause and a asseverators actor, however, under a contract the level of liability may be variant. In tort , the reputation of the designers obligation is to habit valid skill and dish out irrespective of the designers organisation. In contract, a consultancys designers liability is to exercising reasonable skill and cautiousness unless they know the social occasion for which they ar designing in which carapace a adequatetingness for suggest liability is implied. Because of this lay on the line of suffering an implied liability terms of engagement for a consultancys designer usually contract out fitness for purpose requirement. This is useful as no level of superior Indemnity insurance exists to cover a consultancys designer for fitness for purpose liability and it is un plausibly the consultancy would be able to independently cover the risk. Even if a fitness for purpose liability is excluded, a consultancys designer could still be credible for not delivering the end result, if it can be proved that they did not use reasonable skill and safeguard and has ultimately commi tted passe-partout negligence under tort as well as being in br from each one(prenominal) of contract.As the tort of negligence is implied into both compose and none written contracts, wherever a situation arises where one party owes another a work of c ar, it is essential to look at its meaning. The induction of Civil Engineers (2006) demarcates negligence as being base on the inflicting of injury or loss upon another person by failure to take such care as the legal philosophy requires.A contractors designer suffers risk by reference to the statutory implied terms, under the sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, which will impose certain contractual warranties relating to merchantable feature and fitness for purpose, irrespective of what the contract says. The statutory implied terms give rise to risk for the designers contractor in that a contract which is silent on the point will impose on him a inflexible liability for all the obligati ons he has undertaken, including his design obligation. It is withal price noting that because of this, if a contractor chooses to appoint a consultancy designer under a subcontract, even if he is using the relevant received subcontract level of the main contract, they may open themselves up to considerable risk. This is because they still have an obligation to deliver the end result that is fit for purpose, unless there are express provisions to see liability. This why most Design and Build standard form contracts strangle the liability of the contractor for design to that of an architect under a traditional build contract. However, if there are express provisions in the contract to impose an translucent fitness for purpose liability on the contractor these provisions will then be subject to the Unfair snub Terms Act 1977.As already stated, there are 2 levels of design reasonable skill and care and fitness for purpose. These two terms are the most commonly employ and eve n though they are an over simplification it is important to define them in much detail. fittingness for purpose is just that, it should satisfy and/or deliver the clients requirements whereas reasonable skill and care can be further split into professional skill and duty of care.As well as lifting out their medical specialiser skill competently the verbal expression professionals have to exercise a defined level of care. This duty of care is based on foreseeability, where one must take reasonable care to avoid acts, omissions or statements, which could sensibly be foreseen to be likely to result in injury or loss to other people. The standard of care to be exercised is that of the run-of-the-mine, prudent person and will depend on the particular circumstances of each individual case. In the context of this proposal it would be the construction professionals, working for the contractor who must exercise due(p) care to play up errors when reading and implementing the client s design, or the contractors own designer who must exercise due care when creating and developing a design (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2006).The element of skill required by a construction professional, whether they are an engineer, designer, quantity surveyor or project bitager is to carry out their own specialist skill competently. The courts have defined the specialist skill and competence on many an(prenominal) occasions and the following(a) military commission to the jury in Bolam v Friern Hospital management Committee 1957, has been adopted by the firm of Lords and is frequently cited-Where you get a situation which involves some special skill or competence the quiz is the standard of the ordinary skilled man exercising and professing to have that special skill. A man remove not possess the highest expert skill it is sufficient if he exercises the ordinary skill of the ordinary competent man exercising that particular art (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2006).A s previous research by Gaafar and Perry (1998) suggests, the NEC/ECC contract is an acceptable document that can be tailored to individual projects and repose workable and acceptable to both client and contractor. These advantages could explain why it has rapidly become the contract of plectron for public sector work. Due to the frugal situation that exists in the construction and engineering industry at present the majority of work is in the public sector and as a result is under NEC3 the most recent version of NEC/ECC form of contract. According to the Bank of England the current economic situation is way out to continue for at least the next 6 months before signs of recovery commence to filter through to the construction industry in the form of private investment. Because of this, more(prenominal) disagreements over design defects carried out under the NEC3 form of contract are probably going to go before the courts. It would be useful then for contractors construction prof essionals to know what design liabilities the contractor could be exposed to so that they can take stairs to avoid any legal entanglement. This is especially prudent as the NEC3 contract does not include the term fitness for purpose in its text and instead relies on the works development given by the client to specify the performance requirements and secondary clauses to limit a contractors liability. When this information is incomplete or missing it creates a situation where the responsibilities and the end requirements are unclear and the contract reverts back to a silent position as discussed earlier and imposes a strict liability upon the contractor, unless secondary clauses to expressly limit liability are include within the contract document. Even where these clauses are include contractual warranties implied by the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 may take precedence. It is important to note that in this silent position a contractor would not be liable for design works carried out by subcontractors even if appointed by them under the relevant NEC3 subcontract form.The aim of the dissertation then, is to carry out primary and secondary research to determine whether, and if so, how, a contractors design liability can be exceptional to reasonable skill and care under the NEC3 suite of contracts.Your riddle judicial admission specifies the problem alright, exclusively it does not indicate what can be through to resolve the problem or what issues need to be addressed in resolving this problem. These issues would form the basis of the ensuing chapters of the dissertation.There is a decided drop (although not a total absence) of appropriate citation to substantiate your many authoritative statements in the problem spec.Literature ReviewCurrent literature on the National Engineering get down 3 (NEC3) includes legal cases, explanation or how to use guides and utmostly and not exhaustively research by construction and engineering academics and/or professionals. This literature individually covers the different aspects of design liability and the NEC3. Need to make more substantial to provide a structured overview.The NEC3 is endorsed and recommended by the UK Governmental Office of Government Commerce for use on all public sector construction projects. And because the majority of current construction and engineering work is in the public sector at present it is getting a lot of use and indeed it is important that those using it fully understand it. To that end Eggleston (2006) has written a comprehensive exposition on the NEC3. His commentary explains how each NEC3 contract is uniquely put together to meet the employers needs by put together clauses from the option structure and by particularisation in accompanying documents.This commentary is particularly useful in that it helps the reader use the contract by providing step by step instructions to ensure the underlying building blocks o f the contract are set up correctly. A good example of this is the five steps that an employer must follow in order to create a set of NEC3 conditions for a particular contract.Egglestons (2006) commentary is an overview of the entire suite of NEC3 contract documents and gives a brief definition of the clauses. It does not give instruction of which gang of options and clauses to use provided instead informs the user how to incorporate their chosen selection into a working document. On the down side the book does not give you enough legal analysis and only refers to a handful of cases and to this end does not high decrepit sufficiently what the repercussions of not getting it right are. This means unless the professional using it is fully versed or doesnt follow a commentary such as Egglestons to the earn they could end up in hot water heedless of what secondary clauses they think are in place to limit liability.Using Egglestons (2006) definitions of clauses and with cross refere nce to an NEC3 contract it is apparent that it is the secondary options X15 limitation of contractors liability for design and X18 limitation of liability are the most relevant to this proposal. This is because they are the clauses that can be included if agreed in the midst of the client and contractor to pre-determine the level of liability. Need to insert what Eggleston says Difference surrounded by two clauses and what they limitContradiction with works information Express catch all sentences added under Option Z or included in works info Egglestons thoughts on silent positionGaafar and Perry (1998) have written an insightful piece that is relevant to the proposed aim of this proposal. They based some of their honorings on communication with an unnamed author involved in the development of the NEC. From this they discover that these optional clauses came about due to legal advice that was given to avoid the term fitness for purpose and to the eventual adoption of the notion that the employer would either define the extent of his requirements for performance through the works information or would limit the liability through the choice of an optional clause.The term fit for purpose is very open to interpretation and could be a reason why it was left-hand(a) for the employer to fully define their requirements. Gaafar and Perry (1998) were unable to find a precise definition for the term fitness for purpose and concluded from examine symmetry and discussion with unnamed legal academics and professionals that no such definition exists. This is hard to accept as regardless how many legal academics and professionals were contacted it is precedence set in the courts that establishes a meaning for the term not the legal academics and professionals whimsy. It may be the case that these legal academics and professionals are unaware of any relevant case law and it is unlikely that they exhausted all published volumes. In gain Gaafar and Perry (1998) may have narrow the question posed to the legal academics and professionals too much and a definition may exist in a non construction and engineering context that could be applied if the principles are the same.In addition to correspondence and discussion Gaafar and Perry (1998) also carried out a survey to determine the desirability to be able to counterbalance the level of liability. They highlight that 30% of clients questioned in the survey said that a fitness for purpose liability is not desirable as they recognise the realistic and commercial problems it can cause. Gaafar and Perry (1998) expand on the interpretation of these problems reiterating that professional designers do not have to carry a professional liability higher than reasonable skill and care and thus no higher level of insurance cover exists. This means that the contractor can not obtain cover either and because of this if a fitness for purpose obligation exists and the design is carried out by a professional designe r under a subcontract, the contractor can not pass this liability down to them. This leaves the contractor carrying a large uninsured risk. This unexpected result in their findings gives strong support to their recommendation of using a contract that allows liability to be tailored to an individual contractual situation. The theory and supporting research is comprehensive, however, the raw data is not given and it undermines their reasoning, as it is unachievable to determine the significance of the results without knowing the sample size, methods used, the context and appropriateness of the questions.Gaafar and Perry (1998) was published in the International diary of Project Management and looks at a number of problems associated with the interaction of legal elements and contractual provisions. They look at, but do not directly compare, a number of standard forms of contract and their individual advantages and disadvantages when the limitation of design liability is the key issu e. The paper concludes by recommending the use of the NEC contract as they suggest it provides a spectrum of liability.Despite their suggestion of using a contract that allows a spectrum of liability they importantly acknowledge that a strict liability and obligations under the Sales of Goods Act 1972 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 exists and is difficult to sign away. This difficulty in signing away rights is also made reference to when they discuss liability under tort and the inclusion of express clauses to limit liability. These important points included by Gaafar and Perry (1998) are relevant to this proposal as they have a bearing on how effectively liability can be limited.prof J. Perry and Dr H. K. Gaafar are academics at the School of Civil Engineering, the University of Birmingham and for this reason their assumptions on NEC3 in practice are likely to be based on 3rd part information and not their own practical have it off within the construction and engine ering environment.It is also worth noting that The hold Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (HGCRA) states that parties cannot sign away certain rights under UK law and current precedence will determine what obligations exist regardless of whether a clause was included to limit liability. The HGCRA forms the basis of the current UK law and as such must be treated seriously and acknowledged as the presiding authority on set aspects of construction projects. It is also important to note that the HGCRA is 13 years old and largely based on the report by Latham (1994), as such developments have happened in the way contracts are worded to either incorporate it or find ways around it.Egan (1998) suggests that a move to partnering and mutual cooperation will do away with a need for contracts. In this situation a strict liability will be implied by current UK law and legislation and as discussed a fit for purpose obligation will be the default situation. If clauses think to limi t design liability are not effective then Eagans (1998) view that designers should work in close collaboration with other participants in the project will protect the contractors and reduce the risk as they will be fully aware of the requirements and ultimately able to deliver the end product that is fit for purpose. This work by Egan (1998) is a very theoretical academic view and 11 years on has not fully been adopted despite moves to create more trust through partnering, however, it does provide an utility(a) view to the confrontational and aggressive stand many contractors and clients are adopting in the economic down turn.Wallace (1995) states his opinion that the obligation to construct a work capable of carrying out its intended use overrides the obligations to comply with specification given in the works information. If this is the case even though a contractor may have produced a design that complied with all the works information, if the end result is not fit for purpose t hey are then responsible. This goes back to the implied obligation discussed earlier and responsibility of the contractor to request more information and highlight lack of clarity in the works information. They may have done everything including reasonable skill and care to produce a design that complies with the works information but if the works information was inadequate they were liable for not correcting this fault and therefore liable for not producing a design that could deliver. Wallace (1995) published this work a year after Latham (1994) and in a climate where a more progressive approach to construction was the new way of thinking, however, it ignores this work and focuses on fact and the law as it stood at the time. This is not a bad thing but when keeping Wallaces work to contracts such as the NEC3 it does not always directly apply and extrapolation of the legal principles is necessary, however most are still the same and the book is still widely trustworthy and used.J ackson and Powel (1992) conclude that the particular obligations of a contractor to his client are generally of a different nature from those owed by a professional man to his client. They make the point that this does not expressly state that the contractors obligations amount to a fitness for purpose requirement. However they imply in the passage, my complaint against him is not that he has failed to exercise reasonable skill and care in carrying out the work but that he has failed to cater what was contracted for, that a higher level of liability than reasonable skill and care exists and that the precise level of liability is governed by what is stated in the centre of the contract. Jackson and Powel (1992) is considered to be an accepted legal text and the authors experts in their field. This opinion is supported by the fact that the book has been quoted in the courts. A good example being Lady Justice Butler-Sloss in the Court of Appeal regarding the case of Sansom and Monagh an v. Metcalf Hambleton Co (1997) (Was it a construction law case? Was the case to do with design liability?) EGCS 185 who quoted the book as being a helpful summary. This use in 1997 is important as it is post HGCRA and although it is 17 years old has many useful interpretations that are still relevant. For example, the concept mentioned above regarding totality of the contract is very similar to the commentary detailed in Eggleston (2006) 14 years later regarding liabilities imposed by the entire contract.In relevancy to this proposal then, if the book and the authors are deemed to be an authority on the subject of negligence their implications above regarding totality of the contract carry significant weight. This would suggest that secondary clauses under NEC3 are not necessarily going to limit a contractors liability to reasonable skill and care.In addition to the above works, NEC itself provides literature in both on its website and in published form, and despite the inherent bias it may carries is worth reviewing. The bias is there because the NEC has an invested interested in portraying the NEC3 in a positive light to increase sales, however, it is useful for reference to clarify technical points and attain original copies of contract wording.What is clear is that each of these commentaries focuses on a particular area of a contract or takes a view from one particular party and at present there is nothing comprehensive to show all the interrelationships of NEC3 contractual clauses and UK law and legislation. As a result unless the employer compiling the contract or contractor move into into an NEC3 contract fully understands the full ramifications of the options and clauses chosen they should seek professional legal advice. As described by Gaafar and Perry (1998) these interrelationships are very modify especially to the non legal professional. Gaafar and Perry (1998) try to bypass the need to understand all these complicated interrelationships by d eveloping and suggesting the use of a Spectrum of Liability, however, as acknowledged by them no contract shortly exists that fully allows for this. As stressed by Latham (1996) though and indeed acknowledged by Gaafar and Perry (1998) there are certain obligations and implied responsibilities that cannot be signed away and a strict liability is imposed unless express clauses are used to support this flexible spectrum. Only the NEC3 contract comes close, however, the effectiveness of secondary clauses to control levels of liability is difficult to determine due to the complex legal interrelationships mentioned above. To establish whether liability can be controlled in an NEC3 contract this dissertation will use arguably the main aspect that has most bearing design liability and seek to demonstrate the following conjectureA contractors design liability can be limited to reasonable skill and care under NEC3 by use of secondary clauses.Can expand to 2500 or 3000 wordsIn final submissio n should include a statement in the summary to the literature review as to where the dissertation sits in relation to the main authors outlined in the introduction to the literature review.MethodologyTo manage the presentation of this dissertation it has been split into a number of chapters. The overall dissertation will form a piece of work that can be useful to all construction and engineering professionals who are considering entering into an NEC3 form of contract.Chapter 1 will be derived from the problem specification, literature review and methodological analysis that form this dissertation proposal.Chapter 2 involves carrying out extensive secondary research. This will take the form of probe into legal precedence that exists for cases with relevance to a contractors design responsibility and associated liability under NEC3. In addition to this, investigation into accepted academic views, professional interpretation of NEC3 clauses and commentary on UK statute and legislation is necessary. unite this will form a theoretical perfect world view of design liability and act as the control for this research.Chapter 3 will explore construction professionals fellow feeling of design liability under an NEC3 form of contract. To do this a statistically sufficient number of construction professionals will be interviewed. The questions are designed to be comprehensive enough to generate the desired responses but have been deliberately left open ended to ensure they do not lead the interviewees in a certain direction or stifle responses. The benefit of this is that a greater insight into the interviewees experience and knowledge is gained and helps determine how much weight to assign the responses. The results will then be summarised and initial statistical processing carried out to allow them to be analysed. The open ended nature of the interview questions also gives the opportunity for contractors problems that are not covered by the interview questions to be pi cked up and acknowledged and be compiled into the summary conclusions.Chapter 4 will seek to substantiate or disprove the conjecture made in Chapter 1 by comparing the differences between the control in Chapter 2 and the summary conclusions made from the interview results in Chapter 3. Depending on the outcome of this analogy will determine the recommendations made in this dissertation that aim to benefit construction professionals thinking of entering into an NEC3 form of contract.Chapter 5, the final chapter seeks to bring together all the conclusions made in the above chapters into a final summary.The outcome of the comparison in Chapter 4 should identify how effective the NEC3 form of contracts intentions are in regards creating a contract that is able to limit design liability by the inclusion of secondary clauses or whether other factors come into play and greater care and legal advice is needed before a contractor signs up to an NEC3 form of contract.The comparison will also determine whether any of the additional problems or negative experiences determine by the construction professionals in the interviews is real or merely perceived due to lack of understanding of UK law and of the NEC3 contract in general.If they are merely perceived, the recommendations made in this work should allow them more confidence when deciding whether or not to sign up to a given NEC3 contract. They would then be able to make an informed decision as to whether an included clauses attempt to limit liability under NEC3 would safeguard them or whether they would be exposed and need to adjust their price to suit the increased risk of what is effectively an imposed fit for purpose design liability.Need to justify research method. This justification is done by reference to established research methods authors. You make only one reference to Blaxter et al but it does not really get to the bottom of what you are doing and why. You do not eliminate other methodologies. Do other aut hors agree? A good methodology will compare the recommendations of three or cardinal research methods texts. You might like to look at some of the following1) Dissertation Research and musical composition for Construction Students Dr S.G. Naoum Butterworth Heinneman 808.066624 NAO2) Research Methods in Construction Fellows Lui3) Hart, C. 2005, Doing Your Masters Dissertation, SAGE Publications Ltd., London4) Preece, R. 1994, Starting Research An portal to Academic Research and Dissertation Writing, A Cassell Imprint, London5) Blaxter, Hughes Tight 2006, How to Research, Open University6) Questionnaire Design, Interview and Attitude meter A.N.Oppenheim Continuum 300.723 OPPThe methodology should be introduced by a statement about the theoretical perspectives being employed, e.g. you are go up this dissertation from a legal and contractual perspective by way of offering appropriate practical advice to the industry Need to justify structure. Justification for the structure requ ires cerebral argument and includes some linking text between your discussion on the content and format of each chapter. Remember the chapters should be based on the issues to be addressed as identified in the problem specification, so your justification of the structure could be based upon the logic of dealing with those issues.ReferencesBlaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006). How to Research 3rd Ed. Open University Press. Maidenhead.Eagan (1998). Rethinking Construction. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London.Eggleston, B. (2006). The NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract 2nd Ed. A Commentary. Blackwell Publishing. Online open from http//books.google.co.uk/booksAccessed 07.07.09Gaafar, H, K. and Perry, J, G. (1998). Limitation of design liability for contractors. International Journal of Project Management Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 301-308. Elsevier intuition Ltd.Institution of Civil Engineers (2006). ICE Legal Note Liability for Latent Defects. I nstitution of Civil Engineers. London.Jackson and Powell (1992). Professional Negligence 3rd Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London.Latham (1996). Housing Grants and Regeneration Act 1996. London. Available from http//www.opsi.gov.uk/ Accessed 22.08.09Murdoch, J. and Hughes, W. (2005). Construction Contracts 3rd Ed. lawfulness and Management. Spon Press. Oxon.Wallace, D. (1995). Hudsons Building and Engineering Contracts, Volume 1, 11th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London.Uff, J. (2005). Construction Law 9th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London.BibliographyBlaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006). How to Research 3rd Ed. Open University Press. Maidenhead.Dissertation Creation. Dissertation Help How to Write and Structure a Dissertation Proposal Online Available from http//www.ukdissertations.com Accessed 07.07.09Eagan (1998). Rethinking Construction. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. London.Eggleston, B. (2006). The NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract 2nd Ed. A Commen tary. Blackwell Publishing. Online Available from http//books.google.co.uk/booksAccessed 07.07.09Gaafar, H, K. and Perry, J, G. (1998). Limitation of design liability for contractors. International Journal of Project Management Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 301-308. Elsevier Science Ltd.Institution of Civil Engineers (2006). ICE Legal Note Liability for Latent Defects. Institution of Civil Engineers. London.Latham (1996). Housing Grants and Regeneration Act 1996. London. Available from http//www.opsi.gov.uk/ Accessed 22.08.09Murdoch, J. and Hughes, W. (2005). Construction Contracts 3rd Ed. Law and Management. Spon Press. Oxon.The Guild of Architectural Ironmongers (2004). Commercial and Contract Law.Uff, J. (2005). Construction Law 9th Ed. Sweet and Maxwell. London.Additional useful paragraphsIf the NEC3 contract is set up for the contractor to have design responsibility, then the contractors design must comply with the works information. Even if the optional clause to limit liability is use d, the performance specification given in the works information will override it and therefore the contractors liability may or may not be interpreted as fitness for purpose depending on how the works information has been drafted with a strict liability imposed.ResultsQues