Friday, May 31, 2019

The Metamorphosis of Holden in The Catcher in the Rye Essay -- Catcher

The Metamorphosis of Holden in The Catcher in the Rye Without love and guidance, young people often find themselves upset incertain of what direction their lives are headed. Such is the case with Holden Caulfield, a character from the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger. Holden is a sixteen-year old boy who has lost his way. Hold has suffered a great loss, the death of his Brother, Allie. Holden is trying to reconcile his emotions since Allies death. While dealing with their own grief, Holdens parents have neglected his needs and have therefore non addressed this with him. Holden goes searching for answers and companionship since his parents are emotionally unavailable. This story takes up with Holden on in search to all the wrong places to find these things. After a fight with his roommate at Pencey Prep School, Holden goes to Acklys room. He strikes up some very superficial conversation and then asks if Ackly wants to play a game of cards. Ackly decl ines. communicate Do you know what time it is, by any chance?(pg.42) Holden is aware of the time but is desperate for a friend. Holden presses father asking if he could clear the night in Acklys room. Ackly once again denied Holdens request With that, Holden lets Ackly go back to sleep and lays alone with his thoughts, I t was depressing out in the street. You couldnt even up hear any cars anymore. I got feeling so lonesome and rotten. I even felt like waking Ackly up.(pg.50) At this point Holden decides that he is tone ending to run away for a few days before he has to go home. On the train going into the city, Holden meets up with Mrs. Morrow. He finds her very attractive. An interest point here is that he te... ...about the carousel.(pg.213) It started pouring rain but Holden wasnt bothered, he felt so damned happy.(pg.213) At that point Holden was able to say sayonara to Allie and let go of his grief. Holden returns home with Phoebe, and his family get him some help. Hell be back to school in the fall and this time hes ready to put in an effort. Sources Consulted Davis, Robert Con, ed. coetaneous Literary Criticism. Vol. 56. Detroit Gail Research Inc., 1989. Marsden, Malcolm M. Ed. If You Really Want to Know A Catcher Casebook. Chicago Scott, Foresman, 2002. 68-73. Internet Public Library. Salinger Literary Criticism Collection..Dec 2001.17 April 2002.<http//www.ipl.org/cgi- bin/ref/litcrit/litcrit.out.pl?ti=cat-202>. Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston Little Brown and Company, 1951

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Coppolas Interpretation of Dracula as a Love Story Essay -- Movie Fil

Coppolas Interpretation of Dracula as a Love Story The protagonist and story of Bram Stokers novel Dracula have been widely taken and adapted in films throughout many years. Despite almost a century of time since the initial publication, Dracula has maintained its ability to frighten and witch readers. Francis Ford Coppolas Bram Stokers Dracula however, utilizes the erotic romance of the original novel in order to depict a tragic love story. The film accurately follows the popular plot of the novel, yet presents the characters in a unique manner that provides for a different appreciation of the characters. Francis Ford Coppolas adaptation of Stokers novel begins with the presentation of how Dracula became an everlasting creature doomed to thirst for the blood of living animals. This story is essential to the interpretation of Dracula in Coppolas film. Dracula was a knight in the consecrate army of the church, who left his wife in order fight against an invading Turkish army. He was successful in preventing the invasion of the Turks, yet they retaliated by direct his wife, Elizobeta, a letter that falsely reported his death in the passage of arms. Upon hearing this tragic news, Elizobeta committed suicide by jumping into a river. When Dracula returns from the battle he discovers that his beloved wife is dead, and when the church tells him that her soul cannot be saved because she had taken her own life, he turns against the church and renounces God for betraying him. Dracula strikes the stone crucifix behind the altar in the church, which causes blood to gush from the stone. Dracula drinks the blood and vows to oppose God for eternity, whereby causing himself to become eternally damned as a vampire. The mos... ...by comparing Bram Stokers original novel, Dracula, to the film adaptation by director Francis Ford Coppola, the main theme of the movie is discovered to be that Dracula sacrificed himself for his true love. crowd together Craig Holte agrees in his statement that parallels the conclusion of this paper In Coppolas vampire world, the world of contemporary gothic fiction and film, the moral universe has changed good and evil be no longer opposites, and actions no longer expected consequences, since love conquers all (Holte 87). Works Cited Holte, James Craig. Dracula in the Dark The Dracula Film Adaptations. Westport Greenwood Press, 1997. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. rude(a) York Signet, 1992. Bram Stokers Dracula. Screenplay by James V. Hart. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. Perf. Gary Oldman, Winona Ryder, Anthony Hopkin, Keanu Reeves. Columbia Tristar, 1992.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Affirmative Action in California: Has It Outlived Its Purpose? Essay

Affirmative Action In California Has It Outlived Its Purpose?INTRODUCTIONIn the past, most California public agencies believed that approbatory exertion was an effective mother fucker in the fight to correct discrimination. The main intent of affirmative action was to protect women, minorities and handicap individuals from discrimination (Hill, 1998,1). Affirmative action has been used in areas such as public employment, education and contracts. But today, some public agencies are questioning the meaning of affirmative action. The opponents of affirmative action believe that it encourages preferential hiring practices and grow discrimination. They have also taken a strong stance towards the elimination of affirmative action through the California Civil Rights Initiative Proposition 209 (http//www.ca.gov.). The supporters of affirmative action, however, still maintain that it is needed to prevent artificial barriers in the treatment of workers and hiring and admission practices (http//www.co.la.ca.us.). Even though Proposition 209 was passed by California voters, this has non discouraged professional organizations such as Americans United for Affirmative Action (http//www.auaa.org) and the American Association for Affirmative Action (http//www.affirmativeaction.org) who are still committed to educating the public on the importance of affirmative action.The concept of affirmative action has always been and continues to be a very controversial topic. This paper will focus on the compulsory and negative viewpoints of affirmative action as well as the future of its existence.AFFIRMATIVE ACTION ORIGIN AND MEANING.The existence of discriminatory behavior against minorities was the leading reap in the creation of the ... ...ve action, it has not stopped professional organizations such as the AUAA and the AAAA from informing the public about the past success and importance of affirmative action.It is not clear whether affirmative action will continue to be a part of the fight against discrimination in the United States. It is clear however, that affirmative action will continue to be highly debated issue for many more years. BibliographyLarson, Richard and McDonald, Laughlin (1980). The Rights of Racial Minorities Affirmative action. Avon Books 82-89.Goldman, Alan (1977). (Affirmative action. In Marshall Cohen, ed., Equality and preferential treatment. Princeton, New island of Jersey Princeton University Press, 192-209.Hill, John (1998). County of Los Angeles position on the California Civil Rights Initiative Memo to the Los Angeles Board of Supervisors, 1-5.

Physics of Tsunamis Essay -- Tsunamis Weather Essays

Physics of TsunamisThis paper will discuss the physics and warning systems of tsunamis, a destructive wave force that researchers go for been studying for many years. Tsunamis atomic number 18 different than tides or surface waves because undersea earthquakes, instead of winds or the gravitational slug of the moon or sun, generate them. They can reach speeds of up to 700 kilometers per hour but can be undetected until they reach shallow water, then unintentionally arise as deadly waves.Tsunamis evolve from three physical processes, which are generation, propagation, and inundation of dry land. The propagation phase is the most understood, whereas generation and inundation are more difficult to model with computer simulations. Researchers apply a linear wave theory to the propagation phase, which assumes that the small height of the wave compared with the wavelength does not fall the waves behavior. Their theory predicts that the deeper the water and longer the wave, the faster t he tsunami. Upon inundation, the wave height is so high that the linear wave theory fails to describe the interaction between the water and shoreline. Emergency planners have struggled with getting reliable confirmation of the existence of tsunamis. This has snowballed into a seventy-five percent false alarm rate since the 1950s. there are plans being put into place to upgrade the warning systems, but the success of improved safety will also depend on the massess response. The education of coastal communities on evacuation routes and procedures is crucial to improvement of the current tsunami emergency evacuation plans. Physics of TsunamisTo fully understand tsunamis, it will be helpful to first distinguish them from wind generated waves or tides. Ocean breezes can crinkle the surface into relatively short waves that create currents that are restricted to a shallow layer. Strong winds are able to whip up waves that are 30 meters or higher but even these do not egg on deep water as the tsunamis do. Tides, which sweep around the globe twice a day, also do not produce currents that reach the ocean bottom. contradictory true tidal waves, however, tsunamis are not generated by the gravitational pull of the moon or sun. A tsunami is produced by an undersea earthquake, or much little frequently, volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts, or underwater landslides. Even though tsunamis can reach speed... ... better evacuation routes. With the combination of technology and community awareness, coastal residents will have a much better chance at avoiding the destructive forces of these killer waves.Conclusion Tsunamis have been a major threat to coastal areas for many years. The repugn in the past has been early detection due to the way they speed towards the coastline hidden in deep waters, only to surface close to the shore as a powerful, destructive wave. However, with recent advances in technology and a better understanding of natures ways, we may be able to prot ect property and people by educating them on these powerful waves. People in the tsunamis path must use the current warning system improvements in lodge with a timely response to avoid future catastrophes. Community education programs would seem to be a good starting point. If researchers, emergency planners, and community leaders will work together in a team effort, I believe the death toll and property damage will be unbroken to minimal figures.References Gonzales, Frank. Tsunami Scientific American 280, no. 5 (May 1999) 56-65. Describes the physics of tsunamis and early warning systems.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Essay on Black Readers of Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

The Enraged Black Readers of Their Eyes Were Watching God Although Hurstons novel Their Eyes Were Watching God is a widely find out novel today, that wasnt always the case. When her novel was first published, many black readers were enraged. It wasnt until the early seventies when Hurstons novel was rediscovered. What aspects of the novel enraged the readers so that it would be forgotten for much than thirty years? One of the most important aspects of the novel that enraged the black readers was Hurstons portrayal of the black-and-blue people. Readers complained that Hurston wasnt harsh enough in her critique of the exsanguine peoples treatment towards the black people. Rather than portraying whites as the stereotypical Simon Legree of Uncle Toms Cabin-the ideal poor, racist white trash-most whites that take part in the novel argon contrarily genuinely helpful towards the blacks and show great compassion towards them as well. For example, when Janie begins her story we meet the Washburns. These are the white folks for whom Nanny worked for and they are very helpful towards both Nanny and Janie by treating them as if they are part of the family. Contrary to a lot of whites at the time who treated blacks as if they were console slaves, the Washburns treat both Nanny and Janie as human beings rather than slaves, showing great respect and love. In a way they are portrayed as angels who truly believe in human equality and dont have integrity bit of prejudice in them. Mah grandma raised me. Mah grandma and de white folks she worked wid...They was quality white folks up dere in West Florida. Named Washburn. She had four granchillun on de place and all of us played together... (8). Furthermore, by reading Hurstons novel, one can clearly see that all blacks place the whites on a pedestal of knowledge. According to the blacks of the novel, whites know everything and are always right they are superscript and since blacks are supposed to be ignorant and stu pid, they should believe and do everything the whites say. For example, Mrs. Turner states that she trusts only white doctors because black doctors arent as educated and skilled as the white doctors. Dont bring me no nigger doctor tuh hang over mah sick-bed...White doctors always gits mah money (135-136). Another example is when the Indians are evacuating the muck because they foresee a ample hurricane coming and the blacks dont evacuate stating that since the whites arent evacuating theres no reason to.

Essay on Black Readers of Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

The Enraged Black Readers of Their Eyes Were Watching God Although Hurstons new(a) Their Eyes Were Watching God is a astray read novel today, that wasnt always the case. When her novel was first published, many black readers were enraged. It wasnt until the early seventies when Hurstons novel was rediscovered. What aspects of the novel enraged the readers so that it would be disregarded for more than thirty years? One of the most important aspects of the novel that enraged the black readers was Hurstons portrayal of the clean-living people. Readers complained that Hurston wasnt harsh enough in her followup of the white peoples treatment towards the black people. Rather than portraying whites as the stereotypical Simon Legree of Uncle Toms Cabin-the ideal poor, racist white trash-most whites that take part in the novel atomic number 18 contrarily very helpful towards the blacks and show great compassion towards them as well. For example, when Janie begins her story we meet the Washburns. These are the white folks for whom Nanny worked for and they are very helpful towards both Nanny and Janie by treating them as if they are part of the family. Contrary to a lot of whites at the time who treated blacks as if they were still slaves, the Washburns treat both Nanny and Janie as human beings rather than slaves, showing great respect and love. In a way they are represent as angels who truly believe in human equality and dont have one bit of prejudice in them. Mah grandma raised me. Mah grandma and de white folks she worked wid...They was quality white folks up dere in West Florida. Named Washburn. She had four granchillun on de place and all of us played together... (8). Furthermore, by nurture Hurstons novel, one can clearly see that all blacks place the whites on a pedestal of knowledge. According to the blacks of the novel, whites know everything and are always right they are superior and since blacks are supposed to be ignorant and stupid, they sho uld believe and do everything the whites say. For example, Mrs. Turner states that she trusts only white doctors because black doctors arent as educated and skilled as the white doctors. Dont bring me no nigger doctor tuh hang over mah sick-bed...White doctors always gits mah money (135-136). Another example is when the Indians are evacuating the muck because they foresee a big hurricane coming and the blacks dont evacuate stating that since the whites arent evacuating theres no reason to.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Analysis of the Book of the Dun Cow

In Walter Wangerin Jr. s beast fable, The Book of the rile Cow, two roosters have the unusual distinction of being Lords of their own manor. Webster defines a Lord as a person having great powers and authority, a ruler or master, where as a manor is defined as the district over which a lord holds authority and domain (Webster). Chauntecleer is introduced to the reader as the leader or Lord of the Coop and the ruler over the animals in the surrounding land. On the other hand, Cockatrice takes over as leader of his Coop and land after he kills his father, Senex.Chauntecleer and Cockatrice are two very different roosters who lead and rule their domain in stark contrast yet they are both labeled as Lords of the manor. Early on in the novel, Chauntecleer is portrayed as a short tempered, vain, and arrogant ruler who is not at all likeable. objet dart he is proud and undoubtedly stubborn, he is also characterized as fair, compassionate, and unsloped. With his noble bearing, Chaunteclee r keeps a sense of order in his land and the animals lives by crowing the canonical hours and occasional crows in his strong magnificent voice. His crows are compared to the clock of the community. S regular times a day, dutifully, with a deep sense of their importance, and by the immemorial command of the Divine, Chauntecleer crowed his canonical crows (page 12). blow is his job and when he leads by his crows, the hens in his coop and the animals in his land are happy and unafraid, he is even able to make wrong things right. term Chauntecleer may be flawed as a leader, his harem of hens and other creatures like John, Wesley Weasel, and Mundo Cani Dog see him as their protector and ruler. He protects the lives of those around him and sees that umpire is carried out.As Lord he supports and protects his land and unites all his creatures whether fowl, rodent, or insect animals large or small, wild or domestic to come join in concert to fight evil. East and upriver from Chauntecleers land is another land ruled by another Lord, Cockatrice. A half rooster half serpent conceived as a result of an unnatural union of his rooster father, Senex, and the evil serpent Wyrm. Cockatrice rules his manor with threats and upkeep. Unlike his father, Senex, who always remembered the canonical crows to help unite his animals, Cockatrice never crows the canon. So under him the day lost its meaning and its direction, and the animals lost any sense of time or purpose They were tired all the day long, and at night they did not sleep (page 82). Under his evil rule, the creatures suffer from disunity, distrust, and dishonor. Cockatrice shows no concern for the animals of his land and resorts to having the Toad speak for him. He humiliates the animals and is an enemy to the creatures rather than a Lord. He rapes the hens and forces them to bear his children and suffer a cruel indignity.He swallows up thousands of children that hatch as Basilisk creatures and then vomits them back in to the river. Rather than protect the creatures of his land, he orders his Basilisk children to kill everyone alimentation until but he sits silently in his tree. Cockatrice leaves his land and flies west for he has no creatures to lord. By comparison, both Chauntecleer and Cockatrice are dominant roosters that command attendance from the creatures in their communities. Likewise they are both offspring of past Lords of the Coop in their realm. Animals and creatures in their land and Coop hold a degree of fear of them.While both are able to gather their subjects together, the outcomes from these gatherings are fatally different. In contrast, the two Lords are as different as good and evil. While Chauntecleer is a strong postured, slightly scruffy, handsome rooster with noble bearing Cockatrice is frightening and menacing with his serpent looking tail and bloody eyes. In overtake for his leadership and constant abiding, Chauntecleer asks only for good food, loyalty, sleep, a littl e color in his life, and a morning sunbath. On the other hand, Cockatrice demands total subservience from his creatures even though he shows them no respect or care.Chauntecleer rejoices and shares the pride of his three sons with his wife, Pertelote, with the creatures of the community while Cockatrice demands he have thousands of children by raping the hens to build an army of Basilisks who just by their touch cause death. As Lord of his land, Chauntecleer calls for all the creatures in his land to gather for a council so that he can prepare them for the upcoming betrothals with evil. In contrast, Cockatrice forbids the animals from gathering for meetings and even mere talking. Chauntecleer argues against revenge and hatred while Cockatrice is driven by this very evil.In Wangerins novel, both Chauntecleer and Cockatrice have the gift of reference however they each individually choose their own path of good or evil, order or chaos, and eventually life or death. Not only do all o f the animal creatures from Cockatrices land perish, he too dies because of his self destructive hatred. In the land of Chauntecleer, the creatures mourn the loss of their fellow animals killed in battle however they look to their Lord of the manor to rebuild their land so they can serve their overall purpose to be the last protection against the master evil, Wyrm.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Compare the ways in which Wordsworth presents London in Upon Westminster Bridge with Blakes view of London in his poem London

capital of the United Kingdom, the best place you could ever dream of or the worst nightm atomic number 18? London in 1700s was a different city, they didnt control cars instead of that they had horses, there was less pollution and fewer roads. People used to wear more formal clothes. In this piece of coursework I am tone ending to compare London by William Blake and Upon com/in-westminster-abbey-analysis/Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth. William Wordsworth used to live on countryside, he only seen the substantiating side of London as William Blake lived in London and power saw the realistic world. Blake only has seen the negative side of London.When you are expression from the bridge you can have a good overview and the perverting side about looking from the bridge is that you cant see the details because you are distances. Wordsworth visit London in the morning and in most of the countrys in the morning everything is quiet because the city is asleep. Wordsworth had a sad life because when he was around 8 years his mother died, and when he was 13 his father died, when he visited London that could be a romp from problems that he might have and be able to forget about the sad moments.He also might feel that he is not overruled by somebody else, he could feel free. Both of the meters are about London but both of them got different background. Blake see the negative side when he write Blasts the new-born Infants tear by this bring up we can tell that every one live with a fear. Every child that was born must have a bad life because in those times they mums might been a prostitute because if a women needs money she was able to sell herself because she wasnt able to find a break-dance job. The poor plenty werent able to be educated.Poor people in their times would be always poor. As Wordsworth seen only the good side of London but he never lived there so how could he rate London when he visits it only once? The watcher of the morning silent, bar e, ships, towers, domes, theatres and temples by this quote we can see that he had pen the poem in the morning when everybody is about to wake up. He tells the way as he sees it or imagines it, he is not realistic. The word tear could also be a tear of happiness as well as of sadness. William Blake was a somebody that strongly was interest in religions.In the first stanza he repeats himself twice, once by using charterd. This shows that he is talking about the characters of people he saw this as robbing ordinary people of their right and freedoms. The second repetition he used was the word marks. This has a double meaning one of them could be that the physical damages that are being made and leaving marks in everybody minds and they cant forget about it. The other meaning could be that he is collecting evidences as he walks around. Blakes poem is full of negative speech communication that he used in every stanza such as blood, weakness, cry and many more.The poem ends with words m arriage hearse for everyone marriage is such a great thing but he compared it to funerals. This might shows that he prefers to be lonely. William Wordsworth used his imagination when he was create verbally the poem as well as being on the bridge and seeing the realistic world. He written something that cant happens in realistic world, The beauty of the morning like a garment, the city cannot be wearing clothes, but its already clothed itself by nature. Wordsworth used list to describe the things he was seeing. He doesnt only show positive language in line 1, 9 and 11 he used negative language.Most of the lines contain positive language words like bright, glittering, splendour and glideth create a magical world that is being like it fake and unrealistic. The poem is written as a sonnet which doesnt just show love but it shows the poets love for London. The average number of syllables in each line is 10. William uses this because it suggests that he doesnt necessitate anything to ch ange in London. The poem is very peaceful and calm. Evidence for this is never did sun more beautifully steep. This shows that London was a beautiful place, very calm, and a lot of country side might not have many buildings around.William Wordsworth writes about what he can see in the morning when he stands on Westminster Bridge. The beauty of the morning is evidence for this. It is written in the 3rd person and is also in the present tense. This shows that it was happening as he was writing the poem. This also helps the lecturer to visualise what is happening and to understand the poem more. The sestet is about how the poet feels. Evidence for this is Neer saw I, never felt, calm so deep. It is in the 1st person and is partially in the past tense, he shows positive language. Blakes format of the poem is like lyrics of a song.There are four stanzas, all of them shows different facial gesture of the city. Every single stanza talks about something else. His poem is like snapshots of loads of different scenes. In my opinion both of the poetess have right to give their let opinion, like every human being. William Blake showed the bad side of London and Wordsworth the good side, both of them has right to show the differences every person got different views for certain things. Blake was show the negative things to show what makes him angry as Wordsworth has made his poem calm and enjoyable for everyone.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Teacher Learning Through The Lens Of Activity Theory Education Essay

During recent obsolete ages, t from each oneer larning has gained much att endinging of principals and teaching leaders. In m some(prenominal) instances schools leaders effort has been to fork out an surround in which the instructors feel supported and accordingly learn efficaciously in their categories. Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) impart categorized schools skill environments, as either constrictive or erectile in respect to their nature of societal inter operations. Concentrating on the impressions introduced by Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) , in this paper I analyze these two encyclopedism environments in an Persian bilingual school, in which Persian and English argon the media of direction, with the lens transcription of bodily process guess. Kutti ( 1996 ) defines operation system as a philosophical and cross-disciplinary model for analyzing diverse signifiers of benignant patterns as development procedures, both single and societal degrees interlinked at the same (p) clip ( p. 23 ) . Sing this definition, utilizing occupation theory in analysing the Persian school environment, I show how this model and its expression of contradiction in termss rout out be relied on to steer research in larning environment and educational engineering. Further much, this survey provides an penetration into fittings in the instructors acquisition at workplace when a new proficient animal be bewilders grant of schools activities and communicating.Keywords expansive acquisition environment, restrictive acquisition environment, pro forma acquisition, versed acquisition, act theory, teacher larning, e-learning1. Introduction1.1 Introduce the Problem give lessonss are non merely places where pupils learn but be inclines are they topographic points for instructors acquisition. Nowadays, school leaders around the universe are seeking to determine a civilization in which acquisition for both pupils and instructors happens in the most effectual manner. Si nce school principals have realized that instructors cognition and emotional provinces may impact pupils larning, which is the ultimate end of schools, they try to supply an environment in which instructors upgrade their accomplishments and decide their emotional battles related to their workplace. However, it is of import to detect what counts as workplace larning for instructors. Marsick and Watkins ( 1990 ) defined this as chances for acquisition, both those that are more formalized and knowing and those characterized as minor expense. The central point of this survey is on instructors acquisition and larning environment characterized as restrictive or expansive. Furthermore, analysing a instance through the lens of exercise theory by concentrating on contradictions in spite of appearance the activity systems provides an reliable illustration of both restrictive and expansive acquisition environments. The chief determination of this survey, nevertheless, is to demo how th e activity theory can be profitable in analysing instructors acquisition in different acquisition environments. This survey is organized in iv subdivisions. The fol pitiableing subdivision provides an overview on the constructs related to instructors workplace acquisition and the activity theory model, by reexamining or so cardinal literatures. The method subdivision describes the types and design of this survey. The way out subdivision looks at two different larning environments in an Persian school and an e-learning plan through the lens of the activity theory and the last subdivision, which is treatment and ending portion, wraps up the treatment with deductions and suggestions.1.2 Describe Relevant ScholarshipIn this subdivision some surveies are reviewed in order to lucubrate some of the cardinal constructs in the survey such as, restrictive and expansive larning environment, formal and informal acquisition, and the activity theory.1.2.1 Restrictive and blabby Le arning EnvironmentsWhile this survey is grounded in the context of an Persian school in which two different larning environments were experienced, I believe there is a demand to acknowledge the features of each environment. The estimation of restrictive and expansive acquisition environment comes from the surveies of Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) on learner acquisition in four different companies. During their surveies Fuller and Unwin authentic a conceptual model within which to do sense of chances and barriers in learner acquisition. Pulling on the thoughts of Lave and Wanger s community of pattern theoretical account and Engestrom they classified larning environments as either expansive or restrictive. The following tabular array shows an altered model for instructor acquisition environment.Table 1. Expansive and restrictive acquisition environments for instructors. Beginning Evans, Hodkinson, Rainbird, & A Unwin, ( 2006, p. 53, account 3.1 )Expansive acquisition environmentRestr ivtive acquisition environmentNear collaborative running(a) with co-workersOut-of-school educational chances, including chances to reflect and believe differentwiseExplicit focal point on instructor acquisition as a dimension of normal on the job patternSupported chances for personal development travel beyond school or authorities precedencesColleagues are reciprocally appurtenant in heightening instructor acquisitionOpprtunities to absorb with working groups inside and foreign of schoolOpportunities to widen professional individuality through boundry-crossing into new(prenominal) sections, school activities, and schoolsSupport for fluctuations in ways of working and acquisition, for different instructors and sectionsTeachers use a unsubtle scope of larning attacksIsolated, single workingNo out-of-school clip to stand nates. Merely narrow, short preparation programmesNo expressed focal point on instructor larning except to run into crises or imposed enterprisesTeacher acqu isition dominated by authorities and school docketsColleagues obstruct or do non back up each others s acquisitionWork restricted to home departmental squads within schoolThe lone chance to boundry cross associated with major alteration of occupationStandarised attacks to learning and teacher larning are prescribed and imposedTeachers use a narrow scope of larning attacks1.2.2 Formal and Informal LearningSince one of the eminence points between two different larning environments, viz. , expansive and restrictive, is on planning support for fluctuations on acquisition, it is of import to suffer to cognize different types of acquisition. Marsick and Watkins ( 2001 ) qualify formal acquisition in contrast with informal acquisition as institutionally sponsored, classroom-based, and extremely structured ( p. 25 ) . For them informal acquisition is incidental and non classroom-based and extremely structured, and the restrain of acquisition is chiefly in the custodies of the schol ar ( p. 25 ) . To clear up the impression they defined incidental as a by-product of some other activity, such as undertaking achievement, interpersonal interaction, feeling the organisational civilization, trial-and-error experimentation, or even formal acquisition ( p. 25 ) . As secernate by Eraut ( 2004 ) informal larning suggests more flexibleness or freedom for scholars. He believed that informal larning takes topographic point in a broader scope of scenes than formal cultivation. This informal acquisition can take the signifiers of conversations in the corridors or when sharing lifts with co-workers to the workplace detecting instructors ordaining their functions around a school and co-participating in normative patterns ( Fox, Deaney, and Wilson, 2009, p. 219 ) . Eraut ( 2004 ) believed that nevertheless in informal acquisition, larning from other people is recognized as socially of import, but single bureau is more considerable than socialisation. He declared that i nformal acquisition plays a consequential function in professional development. Eraut declared that that in m some(prenominal) scenes scholars experience both formal and non-formal acquisition. Although some bookmans acknowledge the significance of informal acquisition in professional development ( e.g. Eraut, 2004 Marsick, 2009 ) , Fuller and Unwin ( 2006 ) pointed to Solomon s concern about the recent accent on informal larning to state that this accent has a negative side in that it may be sabotaging the demand to supply employees with chances to prosecute in off-the-job proviso as well ( p. 29 ) . Fuller and Unwin added that harmonizing to Solomon s send supplying fewer off-the-job chances gives employees less opportunity to stand back and reflect critically on their pattern ( p. 29 ) .1.2.3 Activity Theory as a Theorietical mildewAs I mentioned before the instance of the Persian school under the focal point of this survey will be analyzed through the lens of activity t heory. Indeed both larning environments, experienced at the school, will be scrutinized utilizing activity theory, in order to demo how each environment works for instructors in footings of acquisition and effectivity.Activity theory has had an germinating alteration from its development by Lev Vygotsky in 1920s. The first coevals of this theory, centered on Vygotsky s suggestion, introduced the thought of mediation ( Engestrom, 2001 ) . Vygotsky s thought of cultural mediation of actions is expressed as the three of topic, butt, and interceding artifact ( Engestrom, 2001. P. 134 ) . This coevals of Activity Theory, nevertheless, is located on the degree of the person s actions and does non be how cognitive alteration happens within a unified context ( Hardman, 2005, p. 2 ) .Vygotsky s co-worker Alexei Leontev in 1981 clarified the specialization between single action and corporate activity ( Engestrom, 2001 ) . The 2nd coevals of activity theory arose so out of Leontev s thr ee-level theoretical account of activity with its footing in the differentiation between action, operation and activity ( Engestrom, 1987 ) . However, this theoretical account failed to develop Vygotsky s theoretical account into one of corporate activity ( Hardman, 2005. p. 3 ) . Engestrom in 1987 developed Vygtsky s thoughts and introduced the 3rd coevals of activity theory ( Figure 1 ) Figure 1. Components of the activity system ( Engestrom, 1987 )Engestrom ( 2001 ) asserted the 3rd coevals of activity theory needs to develop conceptual son of a bitchs to understand duologue, multiple positions, and webs of interacting activity systems ( p. 135 ) .Kutti ( 1996 ) defines activity theory as a philosophical and cross-disciplinary model for analyzing different signifiers of human race patterns as development procedures, both single and societal degrees interlinked at the same clip ( p. 23 ) . As you see in the figure 2, activity theory is consisted of seven elementsSubject th e histrions engaged in the activityObject natural stuff or job infinite at which the activity is focused ( Engestrom, 1993 ) .Tools instruments quicken the object of activityCommunity the topics of an activity system with a common objectDivision of labor horizontal and perpendicular division of undertakings and functions, power and position among members of the communityRules explicit and inexplicit norms that control actions and interactions within the system ( Engestrom, 1993 )Result transmutation of the objects the overall mark of the activity system ( Jonassen, 2002 )Engestrom ( 2001 ) uttered five rules that tote up his attack to the modern-day activity theory. In the first rule, he identified the activity system as the chief unit of analysis. In the 2nd rule he emphasized multi-voicedness of activity systems he argued that activity systems are communities of multiple points of position, traditions and involvements. In the 3rd rule Engestrom ( 2001 ) pointed to historicity of systems by stating that activity systems take form and acquire transformed over drawn-out periods of clip ( p. 136 ) . In the 4th rule he tried to demo the significance of contradictions by presenting them as beginnings of alterations and development. For him contradictions can leave in tensenesss but besides transmutation in activity systems. In specifying contradiction Kuutti ( 1996 ) stated contradiction is a misfit within elements, between them, between different activities, or between different developmental stages of a individual activity ( p. 34 ) . In the last rule he talked about expansive rung by adverting that activity systems move through comparatively long rhythms of qualitative transmutations ( p. 137 ) .2. MethodBecause this survey seeks to understand how activity theory can be a utile model for analysing larning environments, it adopts an explanatory instance survey design. This is a survey on an Persian bilingual school in which both restrictive and expan sive acquisition environments were experienced. In order to supply a divulge apprehension of the context, the research worker uses her observations and perceptual experiences as one of the instructors in the school upon which the survey is built. In each acquisition environment, either restrictive or expansive, by concentrating on contradictions as dynamic forces of alteration, we can show how we can track transmutation and better understand these transmutations within an activity system. In fact, contradictions can either authorise larning to come on, or they can curtail it, depending on whether or non they are adjudge and fixed ( Nelson, 2002 ) .3. Consequences3.1 Restrictive Learning EnvironmentFrom its constitution in 2002 up to its work on 2006, the school had a restrictive acquisition environment in which instructors did non back up each others acquisition. There were some Teacher Training Courses ( TTC ) for the instructors, every one time in a piece, to order and order so me instruction schemes and criterions later the instructors had to learn precisely harmonizing to what they had been told. Teachers had to work separately and there was no civilization of collaborative acquisition. However some informal acquisition happened inside the schoolroom for the instructors, they did non hold the opportunity of speaking to the other instructors in order to hold more informal acquisition. Despite some efforts of the supervisors on the manner of supplying chances for instructor acquisition such as category observation and supplying feedback to the instructors, teacher preparation classs, and supplying some text books for the instructors, teacher larning was non admitted explicitly as a critical issue of the school. In such an environment emerging contradictions seemed inevitable. Figure 2 shows the activity system representation of such a restrictive acquisition environment by presenting elements of the system.Figure 2. An activity system representation of re strictive school environment3.1.1 Contradictions in Restrictive School EnvironmentSchool leaders belief was grounded on the thought that individualist acquisition is more effectual for instructors, so the instructors were encouraged to analyze separately. This thought nevertheless, was non in line with the human nature which has disposition toward communicating with others. The instructors were restricted to pass on with each other and this was in contradiction with their established patterns in the society. In the communities out of this school all of the instructors had chances to speak with other people and to larn from them so outgrowth of a contradiction between the topics particularly the instructors with the object was obvious ( subject/object contradiction ) . On the other manus the regulations of the school were in a manner that made the instructors stay off from each other. Harmonizing to the regulations, the instructors had to pass their java temporary removal clip in their categories and there was no chance provided for them to pass on with each other ( subject/rule contradiction ) . The school supervisors were supposed to supply such a acquisition environment in which the instructors acquisition happened in the most effectual manner in this manner, nevertheless, they were non supportive plenty. For illustration, one of the undertakings of the supervisors in each school is detecting the instructors categories and supplying feedbacks to them. In this school nevertheless, the supervisors observed each category merely one time in a twelvemonth, and this did non hold any added value for the instructors acquisition. In this manner the instructors had to oversee their ain actions and to go supervisors of themselves ( division of labour contradiction ) .Harmonizing to the 5th rule of the activity theory as the contradictions of an activity system are aggravated, some single participants begin to inquiry and pervert from its established norms. In s ome instances, this escalates into collaborative picturing and a calculated corporate alteration attempt ( Engestrom, 2001, p.137 ) . The contradictions inside this activity system were assumed as barriers in making the school effectiveness so as a emergence of facing these contradictions, the school initiated alterations in the system in order to decide the contradictions for the interest of better results. In this respect, a sort of expansive transmutation happened in the system. As Engestrom ( 2001 ) said an expansive transmutation is accomplished when the object and motivation of the activity are reconceptualized to encompass a radically wider skyline of possibilities than in the old manner of the activity ( p. 137 ) . In this sense, the object of the system changed to expansive acquisition undertakings and consequently the tools changed in order to advance the object to run into the result of the system.3.2 Expansive Learning EnvironmentHarmonizing to Engestrom ( 2001 ) act ivity systems take signifier and acquire changed over long periods of clip. He adds that jobs and potencies of an activity system can merely be soundless against it ain history. In this instance, the school environment as an activity system changed from being restrictive to being expansive in order to be more effectual in making the end of the system. This means that the instructors were encouraged to hold a close collaborative working relationship with the other instructors. Anchoring on this thought a new e-learning plan was introduced to the instructors as a manner of communicating with the other instructors of their ain school and the instructors of another school in Malaysia. The chief end of this plan was assisting instructors to pass on their jobs with each other and with their supervisors and to upgrade their cognition. In contrast with the old manner of the system, instructors acquisition was accepted explicitly as a cardinal construct in the school and it was considered as a chief factor in the school effectivity.The e-learning plan was an on-line plan in which the instructors could accession online classs held by teachers from Malaysia. In add-on to this formal larning some informal acquisition chances were besides provided the instructors could be involved in voice and picture confabs online with each other and with the other instructors from the Malayan school. They could besides inquire inquiries and discourse around a subject in a treatment forum. Figure 3 shows the activity system representation of such an expansive acquisition environment.Barb, Evans, and Baek ( 2004 ) believe that as one moves toward seeking to plan community, particularly one in which the members are expected to prosecute in new patterns that challenge their current civilization, many contradictions emerge. In this activity system presenting a new engineering and new patterns caused some contradictions in the activity system.Figure 3. An activity system representation of expansive school environment3.2.1 Contradictions in Expansive School EnvironmentHarmonizing to Engestrom ( 2001 ) one of the rules of activity theory is the multi-voicedness of activity systems ( p. 136 ) . This means that an activity system is a community of different points of position, histories, and involvements. This multi-voicedness as said by Engestrom may do some problems and contradictions. In our instance, after presenting e-program as a manner of communicating and coaction some of the instructors resisted engagement in the plan and some other were actively involved in the plan. This was largely because of their involvements and backgrounds. whatsoever of the instructors were old instructors who had got used to individualist acquisition and treated such plans as a manner of wasting clip . Some others nevertheless, had found it a unspoiled manner of join forcesing with the others and work outing their ain jobs and the jobs of the other instructors. While in an expansi ve environment instructors are supposed to be reciprocally supportive in heightening their acquisition ( Evans et al, 2006 ) , in this instance the older instructors were non supportive plenty because of their background and involvements and this caused a contradiction between the divisions of labor of the system. On the other manus, as all of the instructors were non active scholars and some of them were inactive scholars a contradiction emerged between the topics ( topics contradiction ) . Furthermore, as mentioned before, in the instance that some of the older instructors preferred individualist acquisition and resisted affecting in expansive patterns we see a contradiction between topics and object which was expansive acquisition undertakings and patterns ( subject/object contradiction ) .One of the grounds for the instructors who resist engagement in the new undertakings was their deficiency of cognition in utilizing technological device such as computing machines or cybersp ace ( subject/tool contradiction ) . In such a system a contradiction besides emerged between tool and division of labor. The intro of the e-learning plan and computer/internet as a tool required a new division of labor due in portion to the trinket of the tool but besides due to the fact that the supervisors were non able to help all instructors with the computer/internet undertakings. Consequently some instructors who had a better technological cognition became supervisors of the other instructors with the deficiency of cognition in utilizing new devices.One of the patterns in which the instructors were involved was go toing online classs held by Malayan teachers. Since the Persian school was a bilingual school, the teachers had some suggestions for pupils linguistic communication acquisition betterment. For illustration, they suggested that doing larning groups from the pupils and inquiring them to be involved in some reliable role-playing could better their linguistic communi cation proficiency. notwithstanding they emphasized the thought that in each group both genders should be involved. This suggestion nevertheless seemed to be effectual, but was non applicable for an Persian school, because Persian schools are non co-education systems and male and female pupils, because of the Islamic regulations, can non be in a same system. There were besides some other suggestions which were incompatible with the school regulations ( tool/rule contradiction ) . This mutual exclusiveness of the instructions with school regulations made the instructors uninterested in the instructions because they thought that those instructions were non utile in their instruction systems ( subject/tool contradiction ) . There were some besides some other issues in the system which caused emerging some contradictions between the elements. One of these issues was low cyberspace velocity in Iran which de-motivated the instructors from utilizing e-program as a manner of communicating ( subject/tool contradiction ) .Harmonizing to Nelson ( 2002 ) contradictions can either ease acquisition to come on, or they can impede it, depending on whether or non they are acknowledged and resolved. Introducing a new plan to the instructors, as we saw, caused some contradictions. When the school system had a restrictive environment, the school leaders tried to decide the emergent contradictions due to the deficiency of communicating. When they decided to present the e-learning plan they believed that this plan could hold been a near manner for the instructors to pass on with the other instructors inside the school and outside of it. By presenting a new engineering, nevertheless, some other contradictions emerged that the school leaders had non anticipated. So alternatively of deciding the new contradictions they decided to eliminate the beginning of them which was the e-learning plan. Despite the huge sum of budget and clip devoted to presenting the new plan, the school leade rs stopped the plan because they believed that the plan did non hold much added value to the instructors acquisition.4. DecisionThis article began with the purpose of look intoing contradictions in different acquisition environments through the lens of activity theory. In order to show contradictions happening in different acquisition environments the article introduced a instance survey in an Persian school. However, as said by Hardman ( 2005 ) although a instance survey does non allow one to do general statements about how something might be used in different state of affairss , it does supply a deep description of the procedures underlying the object of the survey.Analyzing restrictive acquisition environment at the school under probe showed that most of the instructors were given over to pass on with the other instructors for the interest of more acquisition. As one of the elements of expansive larning environment as said by Evans et Al ( 2006, is chances to prosecute with working groups inside or outside of school ( p. 53 ) , the e-learning plan could hold provided such an chance for the instructors. When the object and consequently the tools of the system changed and a new engineering was introduced to the instructors, some contradictions emerged.The lens of activity theory, as we saw, could supply insight into alterations in the instructors acquisition at workplace when a new technological tool became portion of their activities and communicating. In this instance some of the older instructors had some jobs with the new engineering or even with the new object ( expansive acquisition patterns such as communicating with the other instructors ) . If the school leaders and instructors tried to happen the contradictions and to decide them, the activity system could hold gone one measure in former to its end. For illustration, if merely a few Sessionss were devoted to learn computing machine and cyberspace accomplishments to the instructors, some of t he contradictions could hold been resolved but when confronting with jobs caused by contradictions the school leaders eliminated the beginning of contradictions ( e-learning plan ) alternatively of look intoing the beginning of the jobs ( contradictions ) and deciding them. As a affair of fact, presenting a new plan or engineering to any puting shifts participants established patterns to the new patterns, which causes some contradictions. It is of import that school leaders can place contradictions in their scenes and see how these influence school civilization and how to equilibrate them.RecognitionsI would adjure to thank Dr. Alison Taylor, the teacher of my Workplace and Learning class at University of Alberta, who guided me through this survey.

Friday, May 24, 2019

The Advantages of City Life

Some people prefer to weather in a tenuous town. Others prefer to live in a volumed city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. The Advantages of City aliveness There atomic number 18 undeniable advantages to both look in a great(p) city and in a small town. The former offers more hullabaloo and convenience while the latter offers a cleaner, quieter and frequently friendlier place to live.However, despite the advantages of small town life, I prefer to live in a big city for several reasons. First, life in the city is more convenient. More goods are available and stores are open later. Also, there is better public pane so it is easier to get around. I can muster up almost anything I want easily in the city. Second, there are more ways to strike down leisure time in the city. There are many places I can go to meet friends and have fun.Finally, and most importantly, the city offers more educational and career op portunities. The city often decoys the trump teachers and the best companies. There is also a wider choice of jobs so it is easier to move up the career ladder. For all of these reasons, I prefer to live in the city. Although I sometimes miss the fresh air and quiet life of a small town, nothing can invite up for the opportunities that the city offers me. If one wants to be successful, I believe the best place to live is the city.The Advantages of City LifeThe Advantages Of City Life Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. The Advantages of City Life There are undeniable advantages to both life in a big city and in a small town. The former offers more excitement and convenience while the latter offers a cleaner, quieter and often friendlier place to live. However, despite the advantages of small town life, I prefer to live in a big city for several reasons.First, life in the city is more convenient. More goods are available and stores are open later. Also, there is better public transportation so it is easier to get around. I can visit almost anything I want easily in the city. Second, there are more ways to spend leisure time in the city. There are many places I can go to meet friends and have fun. Finally, and most importantly, the city offers more educational and career opportunities. The city often attracts the best teachers and the best companies. There is also a wider choice of jobs so it is easier to move up the career ladder.For all of these reasons, I prefer to live in the city. Although I sometimes miss the fresh air and quiet life of a small town, nothing can make up for the opportunities that City LifeAs the famous saying goes Grass is always greener on the other side. People who live in the countryside might long to live in the city and those in the city may long for the peace and quiet of countryside li fe. However, countryside life and city life have several differences which may attract one person or repel another.Let us see some of these differences. Firstly, The first wealth is health, an elderly person might find life in the city to be better in the long run as there is better access to health care facilities and quickly availability of round the clock emergency services. However, the kind of health care available in the city is not accessible to someone living in the countryside, as the countryside might have only a local clinic with a rural nurse available, sometimes even a doctor might not be available in the clinic.To add on to that the clinics are not equipped with the supplies necessary for an emergency, sometimes even basic medication becomes out of shopworn Cities are normally very crowded places as compared to countryside. In the city, you might not have the privacy that you wish for. You would not be able to go outside without bumping into people. You have 10 peopl e living in a small one room kitchen and buildings just as far away as 5 feet. This however is a total different case in the countryside. You might walk for miles without encountering anyone and your nearest neighbor would live miles away.The population of the entire countryside may not be more than a few hundred. Due to high populations and great amount of disposable income, almost everyone in the city has one vehicle or the other. These vehicles, in addition to other sources of pollution, add on to the already worsening atmosphere. On the other hand in the countrysides due to the absences of a large number of vehicles and other sources of pollution, you have abundance of fresh air and a very calm, clean and serene climatic conditions which are good for our

Thursday, May 23, 2019

China Rural Poverty

After Deng Xiaoping took over the power, he imposed a lot of policies to change the sparing, social and political structure. The first thing that Deng insisted to do was to meliorate the economic growth. But the lack of concern with the cracker-barrel area brings chinaware the decline in bulgeput and income of the peasants which widened the faulting between the coastal and interior areas. In the phrases sparing growth, income inequality and poverty in China under economic reforms, the author described the improvement under Dengs policies.In Reducing Absolute Poverty in China, fundamental problems in education and health care aspects which remained unsolved were introduced. During these few years, the government put a great effort in minimizing the uncouth poverty situation and there was a signifi go offt change in the hobnailed area. There was no doubt that China has improved from measure to time, although rural poverty is always a problem for the government, they start to have better plans to implement compare to the Mao and Deng eras.Yaos article, Economic growth, income inequality and poverty in China under economic reforms, analyzed the failure of the Dengs policy. Because most sad people lived in the rural areas, Deng decided to reform agriculture first before reforming the urban and industrial sectors. The household production responsibility system was introduced. This system allowed farmers to keep a certain proportion of outputs after fulfilling a production quota set by the production team1.This method would be able to provide a better in centimeive for the peasants to work harder since now, they could get their own reward, the proportion of the production. Also, the government could still fasten they would get the standard amount from the peasants, therefore, it seemed to be beneficial to both sides. Grain output increased from 305 to 407 million tons between 1978 and 1984. Real per capita income more than than doubled, raise by 14. 9 p er cent per year2. Since the reform seemed to be very successful, they began to reform the state-owned enterprisingnesss.Maos doctrine had put a lot of ideological barriers on the economic policies and it was time to break all those. Major reform methods were introduced to raise enterprise accountability and autonomy with a flexible wage system to link work efforts with rewards more directly for individual workers3. Although existing state-own enterprises were non privatized and they would be benefited from state budgets, non-state enterprises such as private and collective sectors got a lot of advantages as well.In bon ton to increase the rude output, the government encouraged the rural peasants to work hard by giving peasants more capital, establishing better incentive systems, allowing greater freedom of restrict selection, changing the structure of the administration of agriculture4. The agricultural production seemed to be ameliorated during the primordial 1980s. In the r ural areas, non-farm enterprises, particularly the township and village enterprises (TVEs) rapidly developed to mystify a new economic force.In 1992, TVEs employed more than a quarter of the total rural labour force and contributed about 40 per cent of per capita rural income5. There was no doubt that these policies had contribution to a great amount for improving the poverty situation, it had not solve the fundamental problems for the poverty. In the article Reducing Absolute Poverty in China, the authors described poverty problem stepped backward after a short improve. During the second half of 1980, a few economic policies such as the increase in prices for grain and the rapid growth of the working-age population .The population exceeded the expansion of employment opportunities, created a declension of rural underemployment from 1989 to 1990. Since the official government did not want to put as much subsidy on the farming projects, the costs for production increased quickly w hile the income from production remained the same. Officials tried to attract foreign investment but it was not successful because they knew the damages which had created in the countryside during the Mao era.Besides the decline in income, the township officials were exploiting peasants. They gave the peasants IOUs instead of cash so that they would have more cash to invest in new township enterprises6. Peasants did not get the incentive as what the government originally imposed anymore. They wanted to revolt but they found out it was useless because most of the officials were corrupted at that time. Most of the peasants commented, Why seek so much to remove one corrupt cadre? 7 Except bearing all the exploitation, they had no other choices to choose. Although poverty had reduced from 1985 to 1990, agricultural growth and rural development did not increase a lot during the same period, therefore, only the urban areas had improved during the reform. While a lot of peasants wanted t o get a chance to go to the South, most of the unworthy peasants were remained in the poor countryside. The author also explained the major causes of rural poverty the government did not solve.Although the overall status seemed to be improved, the government neglect about some basic aspects in the society which would affect the peasants directly. The educational and health status of Chinese were still far way below the standard. Due to corruption the underlying government provided financial transfers to the poor areas of China but resources were not adequate to satiate all primary education. The lack of financing, school facilities are often insufficient and ill equipped. Also, due to limited access, the teacher training programs did not work out efficiently.Although current training courses focus on content and pedagogical techniques appropriate for large urban schools, but few programs offer teachers instructional methods and skills needed for exquisite and sometimes ethnicall y mixed rural schools8. At least half of the boys in the poorest villages, especially in some minority areas, and nearly all of the girls did not have a chance to receive education and achieve literacy9. The infant mortality rate in some very poor counties exceeded 10 per centum which was greater than the national level by one fold. Diseases such as tuberculosis and iodine deficiency disorders concentrated in poor areas.Half of the children were malnutrition because they did not even have enough nutrition to eat. In the health aspect, although China has reached a national health status comparable to many middle-income countries, people in the rural areas never had sufficient access to basic health service. During the 1980s, the government budgetary reenforcement declined from 30 percent of total health expenditures to 19 percent. Although the quash of health institution and doctors increased each year since 1980 in a national level, the statistics did not apply to the rural vill ages.The government support for rural doctors lessen by 45 percents in the same time period10. Due to the poor education and health systems, rural peasants were suffering from the poverty with no chance to list themselves better off. Since the government noticed the serious problem which remained in the countryside, they started to impose some poverty reduction program in late 1980s and early 1990s. The Agricultural Development Bank of China offered subsidized loans for poor-area development through provincial bank branches and county- and lower-level banks.The regional office of the State Planning Commission administers a food-for-work program assisted in building roads and other transportation systems, drinking water systems, irrigation works and other capital construction in poor areas. In addition, each of 27 central ministries and agencies has its own special poor-area project and every province has its own specially funded programs11. In 1986, the government found 331 poor c ounties which were eligible for development assistance. The program provided aid in providing labour for road construction and drinking water facilities.Living standard increased because of that. These programs contributed to the construction of 131,000 km. of roads, 7,900 link and 2,400 km. of inland river channels. Water supply conditions for 20 million people and 13 million animals were improved12. They also selected some provinces to get the provincial funding based on their situations. The poverty reduction strategy was announced in the eighth Five-Year Plan during 1991-1995. Once again, they put emphasis on supporting the poor-area agriculture and rural enterprise through subsidized loans.The governments poverty reduction strategy was further defined during the National Seven-Year Plan in 1994 to 2000. They had a few plans such the concentration of usable funding in the poorest counties and the improvement in access of the poor to employment opportunities outside the poor ar eas, greater investment in the development of human capital, funding for health, education and relief services in the poorest areas and the continuing investment in poor-area agricultural, rural enterprise, road and other rural infrastructure development projects13.The Central mission and the State Council issued a blueprint for solving the problem of inadequate food and clothing for Chinas rural poor in 1997. The government will allocate an additional $180 million to help build the agricultural and facilities and apply scientific and technological advances in rural areas. The better tools and equipment they have, the faster they can build up the economic system. $350 million will increase government loans for the poor annually. The priority of the use of funding is the irrigation, infrastructure and transport projects.The government would guarantee that households short of food and clothing would be exempt from state-fixed quotas on grain purchasing and some agricultural assesse s. Industrial enterprises built in poor areas will be exempted from income tax for the first three years. Economically developed coastal regions and municipalities will be encouraged to establish ties with inland areas and assist with funds, technology transfer, information and technical personnel. The central government will offer training courses for officials and managerial personnel in poor areas.The government tries to use these methods and regulations to improve the rural development so that it can catch up with the urban areas as soon as possible. Since the Chinese government wanted to be competitive among the whole world, they now had the motivation to improve the poverty situation. According to Chinas State Statistical Bureau, 250 million people, 31 percent of the rural population, were living in poverty in 1978, all of them in the countryside. By 1985 this number was cut in half to 125 million14.At that point, the Chinese government started the first major rural developmen t program assisting the rural poor. However, with writ of execution of a coastal development and financial decentralization, policies that would accelerate economic growth nationally but exacerbate the plight of significant sections of the rural poor and delay poverty reduction. The government started to concern about the rural poverty issue in 1990s, they applied a lot of financial aid programs and relief programs to get away with the problem.Premier Zhu Rongji delivered a speech in the Central Poverty Relief and Development Working Conference in May 2001. He concluded that Chinas rural poverty situation is improving during the last twenty years. Although there is still a long way to go in order to minimize the gap between the coastal and rural area, and to defeat the rural poverty, the government have the confidence that they will be able to improve themselves so that they will be able to compete with the foreign in all aspects.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Behavioral Finance and Wealth Management

Some financial advisors argon needlessly struggling with behavioral finance because they lack a systematic government agency to reserve it to their client relationships. In my 2006 book, behavioural Finance and Wealth Management, I outline a method of applying behavioral finance to private clients in a way that I now refer to as bottom-up. This means that for financial advisors to diagnose and treat behavioral biases, he or she must first test for whole behavioral biases in a client, and then determine which ones a client has before being able to use bias information to create a customized investment plan.In my book I describe the most common behavioral biases an advisor is likely to encounter, explain how to diagnose these biases, show how to identify behavioral investor types, and finally show how to plot this information on a chart to create the clients best practical allocation. But some advisors whitethorn find this bottom-up approach too time-consuming or complex. So, I created a simpler, more efficient approach to bias identification that is top-down, a shortcut if you will, that can betray bias identification much easier.I call it Behavioral Alpha, and the core of this process is four behavioral investor types. Over the next four articles, we will figure the four behavioral investor types and how to deal with each of these types of investors. For readers to understand behavioral investor types, they need to get a fundamental understanding of the 20 behavioral biases I outline in my book. In this article, we will review these biases that are encountered with actual clients, with a description of the bias and a classification of whether the bias is cognitive or emotional.Behavioral biases fall into two broad categories, cognitive and emotional, with both varieties yielding irrational judgments. A cognitive bias can be technically defined as a basic statistical, information processing, or memory error common to all human beings. They also can be t hought of as unsighted spots or distortions in the human mind. Cognitive biases do not result from emotional or intellectual predisposition toward a certain judgments, barely rather from subconscious mental procedures for processing information.On the opposite side of the spectrum from illogical or distorted reasoning we have emotional biases. Although emotion is a difficult word to describe and has no single universally accepted definition, an emotion is a mental state that arises spontaneously, rather than through conscious effort. Emotions are physical expressions, often involuntary, related to feelings, perceptions or beliefs about elements, objects or relations between them, in reality or in the imagination.Emotions can be unsought to the individual feeling them he or she might wish to control their emotions but often cannot. Investors can be presented with emotionally based investment decisions, and may make suboptimal decisions by having emotions affect these decisions. Of ten, because emotional biases originate from impulse or intuition rather than conscious calculations they are difficult to correct. Emotional biases include endowment, pass aversion, and self-control.We will investigate both cognitive and emotional biases in the next section. The distinction between cognitive and emotional is an important one, because advisors will want to talk over their clients differently based on which types of biases are being acted out. In the next four articles, we will use the biases described here a lot, so I encourage readers to get to know the biases presented here in concept. We will apply them to client situations in subsequent articles.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Environment and Global Warming Essay

Global heating has been a major job for the support one decade or so all over the world. The humour is changing and the temperatures on the hide out surface atomic number 18 heating system up as a result of step-up in measurement of green house gases (GHGs) much(prenominal) as ascorbic acid dioxide emitted into the atmosphere. Global heating system is defined as an sum up in the average earths temperatures which as result leads to a c areen in the boilers suit spherical temper.The impacts of global warming are quite diverse and they include ecosystem instability, a rise in sea level, increase in pests and diseases, health businesss, loss of environmental beauty due to extreme hold conditions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as floods, hurri weedes and so fourth (Abarbanel et al. , 2002, 22-23, 57-63). Global warming has been found to be mainly caused by human activities resulting from over reliance on fossil fuels as a source of energy which increase the green house g ases emissions into the atmosphere.Research has also shown another side of global warming whereby, air pollutants emitted by fossil fuels are responsible for making clouds to reflect more suns rays back to the space. This lay out is known as global dimming and it leads to less light reaching the earth surface. This global dimming is responsible for create droughts due to lack of rain especially in the Northern Hemisphere and it also camouflages the actual effects of global warming leading to their underestimation (Abbot et al. , 2000, 159-176).The effects of global warming on the environment are very dangerous and expensive and all the administrations in the world agree that something must be done. In this respect, the united nations have come up with a manikin convention on mode turn which is responsible for coming up with agreements such as the Kyoto protocol among others. The Kyoto protocol is an inter bailiwick agreement passed by the United Nations Framework Convention o n Climate (UNFCCC) back in 1994 which was aimed at speaking global warming and climate inter careen issues all over the world.This agreement sets targets for all the industrialised nations in the world which they are expected to abide by in order to reduce the amount of green house gases emitted by those industries located in the respective nations. This protocol is considered as the greatest agreement reached by members of the United Nations which is demarcation to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development. How a subject field policy can help to address a global problem. National policies have a great role to play in tackling major field and global challenges such as climate change, globalisation, sustainable energy needs and so forth.The solutions to such problems require innovations which are able to see beyond the problem awareness and come up with solutions aimed at lessening their environmental and sparing impacts on a long term basis. Such issues more oftentimes than not require the implementation of a bailiwick policy which will address the problem some(prenominal) nationally and outside(a)ly. A policy is meant to ensure that the problem is addressed from a central point of fool and that all the concerned parties are speaking in one voice. An example of a global problem which is currently causing major concerns in the whole world is global warming.Although its effects are for the most part felt in the industrialised countries, the overall effects of climate change are evident in all nations because the pollutions emitted in one part of the globe quickly disperse to all other split of the globe (Hay 2002). With growing concern on this problem of global warming and carbon pollution, a national policy for sustainable development is essential to address this problem and come up with rules and regulations aimed at imperative the emission of carbon pollutants and other green house gases into the atmosphere.To effectively addres s the effects of global warming and climate changes, all the world governments must come up with national environmental policies, efficient expert st sum upgies and invent new sources of energy which are cleaner and more sustainable. Unlike common environmental policies such as the ones set by the United Nations and other world organisations, national policies created by individual countries focused towards addressing a certain global problem are bound to be more effective because such measures are bound to achieve abatements which are in line with the national interests at the lowest national costs possible.For instance, to address the issue of global warming, Australia has come up with a three-pillar national policy aimed at reducing the amount of pollutants released to the atmosphere by its industries and as a result, the government has had to make some economic reforms which are favourable to its economic stability in order to accommodate this policy (Miller & Tyler, 1987, 19- 23). Australias national policy in addressing global warmingAustralia has been vulnerable to climate changes and severe repercussions of problems associated with poorly designed policies aimed at addressing this issue. An intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a report in 2007 indicating that the Australias average climate is expected to change by about five degrees by the year 2070 due to the high rate of emission of GHGs in the country unless the government finds a quick and lasting solution to this global affright (Steger et al. , 2004, 33-46).Such a temperature change is bound to affect the ecosystems, energy resources, population health, agriculture, tourism as tumefy as other sectors of the nations economy. Some of this effects to human universes and ecosystems are already being felt due to an increase of about 0. 9 degrees in the annual average temperatures. This effects prompted the government to facilitate the Garnaut climate change review in June and ratification of the Kyoto protocol on 3rd decline 2007 as a way of demonstrating the governments commitment to addressing the global warming and climate change all over the world.By agreeing to the Kyoto protocol, the Australian government has expressed willingness to pay the price for carbon decline as a way of dealing with global warming. The Garnaut review focused on examining the climate change and its effect on the nations economy and has come up with policies and policy frameworks aimed at ameliorate sustainable development. The draft report produced after this review presented a detailed examination of the climate change and its implications on Australia as a single nation.Following the Garnaut draft report indicating that the impacts of global warming and climate change in Australia are expected to be greater than those experienced in the other veritable countries, the government has decided to come up with a climate change policy to ensure a safer society, a more stable economy and less climate changes in the future. This policy is focused on addressing three major issues. That is Reducing the amount of green house gases emitted by industries in the country. Adapting to those impacts of climate changes which can not be reversed or changed. Contributing to the achievement of a global solution to the problem of global warming. (Milutin, 2003, 42-56) The Australian government using this policy has introduced an emission trading scheme and a framework for carbon reduction which will help to reduce the GHGs emission by up to 60 percent by the year 2050.A reduction in the national GHGs emission will put Australia in a better position to influence the international communities in working towards a low carbon environment (Julian, 2003, 495-503). In addition, the Australian government is committed to promoting an industrial policy aimed at facilitating investment in cleaner, greener and more sustainable energy resources and increasing the economic oppor tunities in the country.This industry policy has helped to develop house-to-house strategies which include local content rules and purchasing policies to provide long term solutions to climate change (Derek, 2002, 115-120). accord to the environmental policies set by the Australian government, the environmental standards for its industries are set very high in order to restrict them from releasing pollutants to the atmosphere (Migeotte, 2002, 519-520). The Australias domestic policies are bound to affect the international credibility and the ability to acquire a global solution to global warming.The long term national target which is meant to reduce the emissions by about 60 percent before the year 2050 places the total global effort and carbon pollution schemes in a better position to achieving a solution to the ecumenic problem and thus, this national policy is a step in the right direction. Conclusion Global warming presents a great environmental, social and economic challenge which requires urgent attention from governments all over the globe.The Australian government has done a lot to show that it is committed to eliminating this global problem through mental home of an environmental policy and ratification of the Kyoto protocols established by the United nations framework convention on climate change. This has greatly assisted the country to reduce the amount of GHGs emission and carbon pollutants into the atmosphere leading to a cleaner environment and it has helped to address the global problem at large. This shows that the use of well implemented omnibus(prenominal) national policies can help to adequately address global problems such as global warming.ReferencesAbarbanel, Albert, and doubting Thomas McCluskey (2002). Is the World Getting Warmer? Saturday Evening Post, 1 July, pp. 22-23, 57-63. Abbot, Charles G. , and F. E. Fowle, Jr. (2000). Income and Outgo of Heat from the Earth, and the Dependence of Its Temperature Thereon. history of the Astrophysical Observatory (Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC) 2 159-176. Miller, G. Tyler Jr. , 1987. Living in the Environment. Belmont Wadsworth Publishing Company, 19-23. Steger, Will and Bowermaster, Jon, 2004. prudence the Earth.New York Bryon Preiss, 33-46. Adem, Julian (2003). Experiments Aiming at Monthly and Seasonal Numerical Weather Prediction. Monthly Weather reappraisal 93 495-503. Ager, Derek (2002). The New Catastrophism The Importance of the Rare Event in Geological History. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 115-120. Migeotte, M. V. (2002). Spectroscopic Evidence of Methane in the Earths Atmosphere. Physical Review 73 519-20. Milankovitch, Milutin (2003). Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. capital of Serbia and Montenegro Koniglich Serbische Akademie, 42-56.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Jewellery Sector in West Bengal

The main purpose of this report card was to examine the migration profile of the workers in the Gold and Jewellery Sector of due west Bengal and as well as to study the fulfil of skill formation of the workers in this sector. The entire study was based on a primary espouse conducted on a sample size of 60 individuals spread over 4 different regions of West Bengal Sinthi, Bowbazar, Basirhat and DomJur. In the first part of my study, I examined the pattern of migration of the Jewellery artists in these areas. I also cited the human beings of a large number of in-migrants, circular and return migrants in this ector.In the next part, I studied in details the process of skill formation of the workers and showed how the period of apprenticeship was crucial in the career of a jewelry artist. I also explained the wage vriation between the skilled, unskilled and semiskilled workers in Basirhat and also attempted to pull in a link between skill, income and migration of the workers. In the last part of my analysis, I attempted give a comparative study analysis of these areas with respect to the nature of the migrant workers, conditions of work, income and pattern of migration.Acknowledgements I take this probability to sway my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Swati Ghosh, Department of Economics, Rabindra Bharati University, who was extremely helpful and offered in precious assistance, support and guidance. Her willingness to motivate contributed tremendously to the succesful completion my project. Deepest gratitude is also due to Prof. Sukanata Saha without whose knowledge and assistance this study would not have been successful.To the Jewellery workers and shop-owners of Sinthi, Bow Bazaar, Basirhat and DomJur, I square heartedly thank you for your kindness, co-operation and patience. Without your support, this project would not have materialized. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Kaushik Mukherjee (Bowbazar), Mr. Subhash Sarkar ( Atoshi Jewellers, Basirhat ) for their valuable help and guidance during my survey. And last but not least, special thanks also to all my class-mates, for sacramental manduction the literature and providing invaluable assistance during the survey.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Paper Analysis Twenty Hubs and No Hq

This phrase tries to propose profits of an alternative schema of global business management for MNCs. According to the authors the previous strategies of management from the Head living quarters (centralized) or Head Quarters for most functions with partingal offices and country managers (decentralized) are not as efficient as management without any(prenominal) Head Quarters and twenty strategically placed hubs. There are compelling reasons to follow this strategy. first create countries account for a much larger chunk of the net r even offue.Secondly there are untapped markets in the form of economically weaker sections in these countries and the full potential of these can not be exploited with the prevalent management strategies. Thirdly there is a huge cost saving advantage with manufacturing in low cost countries and outsourcing is just one way to realize it. The basic concept of this strategy as given by the authors is to have 20 hubs in 20 different countries 10 deve loping and 10 developed which account for 70% of the population of the two worlds in each case and on the whole and much of the economic activity.According to the authors having hubs in these 20 countries MNCs can serve all the markets in the whole world more efficiently than using any of the previous strategies. These hubs will serve as a gateway for these MNCs in these regions. As such all management and manufacturing functions required by the region can be shifted to these gateway countries. This will allow the MNCs to serve customers on every level of the income pyramid. overly it will reduce the sourcing cost by 20% and corporate overhead cost by 2/3rd.The gateway hub structure can be flexible with new countries becoming hubs as and when they reach the unavoidable level of development and each hub sourcing goods manufactured in other hubs. According to the authors in the gateway hub good example risk can be spread over 10 or more locations with manufacturing and R&D in multi ple locations. This article augments the learning by teaching to challenge any concept even the concept that look as basic as the centralized management and Head Quarters. INNOVATIVE world(prenominal) STRATEGIESThe article tries to find the most relevant dimensions to use to crowd forward-looking international strategies to arrive at typologies that can be interpreted and used further. GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE OF THE fabrication INTERNATIONAL DEV IN THE ancientYEARS INTERNATIONAL DEV IN THE NEXT.. YEARS INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OF THE COMPETITOR IN THE INDUSTRY INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OF YOUR FIRM In this study they find out the most relevant dimensions and cluster cases according to these dimensions and identify some empirical types. The authors found the four main dimensions as Process of internationalization Segment scope Level of coordination across bordersFragments of narratives where an Innovative International Strategy WAS DESCRIBED by respondents were imperturbable Content of fra gments in the transcripts related to a firm was analysed to find the concepts used to characterize its strategy Cases that were correspondent to each other were clustered and formed an empirical type of IIs Major influences Footwear Competitive natural action -relocation and innovative international strategy Cables and wires Struct forces-technological durability new high growth markets government intervention proportional advantages(in cases) Paint Structural forces- technological and marketing intensityChocolate sugar and confectionary Structural Forces - Marketing intensity and diff in consumption pattern across industries Competitive action- MAA Innovative International Strategy The authors arrived at six innovative international strategy typologies across these four industries. The main value addition from this article is how a study can be carried out to scientifically figure out the main innovative strategies and to gauge the scope of innovation and strategic management in the industry. It also helps find out the similitude between strategy and the constraints under which it is developed.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Spectrum Stores Inc, Plaintiffs – Appellants V. Citgo Petroleum Corporation; Saudi Arabian Oil Company, Doing Business as Saudi Aramco; Defendants – Appellees.

Case Brief Extra assign Citation SPECTRUM STORES INC, Plaintiffs Appellants v. CITGO PETROLEUM CORPORATION SAUDI ARABIAN OIL COMPANY, doing business as Saudi Aramco Defendants Appellees. united STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT. 632 F. 3d 938 (2011) Facts Gasoline retailers accused the OPEC fragment nations of fix pricing of bounderish embrocate and refined petroleum products in the US. The appellants argued that the district court mischaracterized their complaint as alleging a conspiracy among self-reliant nations to fix prices via production.They argued that the consolidated complaint alleges that commercial corporations, rather than governments, have taken over the production of crude cover. Under the act of state doctrine, the courts of one country will not sit in psyche on the acts of the government of an-other, done within its own territory. The appellees have met their burden of demonstrating that negotiation of this suit would ineluctably call into qu estion the acts of distant governments with respect to exploitation of their natural resources.The court barred the claims, and had to consider foreign policy of the political branches, which was not codified in a treaty that the court was merely asked to interpret. By judging the case, the panel would need to reexamine critical foreign policy decisions Issue Are the OPEC member nations oil companies committing just conspiracy by price fixing of crude oil and petroleum products in the US?Decision For the foregoing reasons, the United areas court declined to sit in ideal of the acts of the foreign states that comprise OPEC and urged that the district courts judgment of dismissal be affirmed. Reason The antitrust conspiracy alleged by plaintiffs arises from the Sovereign Acts of Foreign States. To rule for plaintiffs on their antitrust claims would require a court to rule on the legality of the Foreign Sovereign Acts of Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Russia. These cases do not foun ding the territorial limitation or a possible commercial activity exception of the Act of State Doctrine.

Friday, May 17, 2019

Lifting the Veil Essay

The oecumenic reasoning of the tap in this bea of humeral veil Lifting the Corporate veil has been confusing and, at times, contraryDiscussThe enquire requires an analysis of whether the parent commwholey (A) lead be probable for the claims against its auxiliary, (b) in some other words, whether the bodied veil can be elevate in this group structure. Both the parent ships corporation and its auxiliary are in integrated which have been legally formed. A gild once incorporated, is a separate, and different legal entirely from the people who set it up The overcloud of incorporation is created by the formula of separate legal personality and that limited liability which are establish in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd (1897)A compevery, once incorporated is a separate and distinct from the people who set it up. In a follow limited by shares, a members liability for the company debts is limited to his subscribed shares. The acts are very protective of the Salomon princi ple and precisely lift the wipe out in a small human action of exceptional cases at putting green practice of law and by statute. As in that location are no clear(p) rules or guidelines for lifting the corporate veil, it is correct argued that this area of law is confusing, contradiction and difficult to rationalize. workout in Solomon v Solomon& Co Ltd (1897)In a company limited by shares, a shareholder is not likely for the companys debts. As (A) hold shares in (b) , it enjoys the protection of limited liability in compliance of debts of (b), if the corporate veil could be elevate and the separate legal personality of (b) be ignored, (a) would be apt(p) for claims against (b). The court may lift the corporate veil if the corporate group structure is utilise as the example in go game v Cape Industries plc 1990 Cape Industries plc (cape) was an English mining company and its products were marketed with its subsidiary companies in the linked State. A number of workers suffered from inhaling asbestos. The question can Cape mother company in England be presumable for the subsidiary in the state.The judgment in Adams v Cape Industries Plc 1990 has significantly narrow the ability of the court to lift the Veil in case, subsidiary companies were incorporated in the United States of that the parent company in the United Kingdom could avoid future asbestosis claims in the United State. The costof Appeal reviewed this complex area of law and concluded that the Veil could only be lifted in three circumstances.. The only way that the veil of incorporation would be lifted by the Court was only in thee circumstances, (i) view cape group as a single entity, (ii) describe the subsidiary as a mere faade, (iii) the subsidiary were agents for cape. The Court exhaustively examine all the three possibility (i) find the subsidiary as a mere faadeFirst, the veil may be lifted when the corporate structure is a mere sham or faade concealing the true fact. It is dif ficult to clearly define mere faade or decided whether the arrangements of a corporate group involve a faade. In Adam v Cape the Court of Appeal held that the company structure was a faade when it had been used by a suspect to evade limitations imposed on his conduct by law or when it had been used to evade rights which third parties already possessed against him.In Gilford Motor Co v Horn 1933A former employee who was bound by a covenant not to solicit client from his former employers set up a company to do so. The defendant formed the company as a device to avoid liabilities in interruption of his pre- compriseing legal duty and the Veil was lifted .J singles v Lipman 1982The Veil was lifted when the company was set up by the defendant to avoid limited performance in relation to transfer of land. The Court described the company as a device, a sham, a mask which he hold before his face in an attempt to avoid credit entry by the eye of equity. The defendant formed the company as device to avoid liabilities in breach of his pre existing legal duty and the Veil was lifted.The company structure is a faade only when it has used by a defendant to evade limitations imposed on his conduct by law Example in Jones v Lipman 1962Mr. Lipmann had entered had entered into a contact with Mr. Jones for the sale of land. Mr. Lipman then changed his mind and did not want to make out the sale. He formed a company in order to avoid the transaction and conveyed the land to it instead. He then claimed he no longer owned theland and could not comply with the contract. The judge be the company was but a faade and granted an order for specific performance. But the of Appeal in Adam Court in held that each company was a separate legal entity from its shareholders and the presence of the US subsidiaries did not automatically amount to the presence of the English parent company. (ii) view cape group as an AgencySecondly, the Court may lift the veil if a express delegation relati onship exist between a company and its shareholders, or between a parent and subsidiary company in a group structure. Although a company is a separate legal entity instead an agent of its shareholders, it is potential that there is evidence of day to day control and that an agency relationship can be established on particular facts. It is, however, difficult to prove an agency relationship without express agreement. Somme guidance is provided in Smith, careen & Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corp 1939In order to maximize the amount of stipend, the parent company argued that the subsidiary carried on the stage business as its agent. It was held that whether there was an agency relationship was a question of fact in each case, such as who was actually carrying on the business, who received the profit, who was actually conducting the business and who was in good and constant control of the business. As the subsidiary was operating on behalf of the parent company the court lifted the Veil on the basis of the existence of an agency relationship. It can be argued that third is not a true exception to Salomon principle it is merely an instance where the normal agency principles applies.In the absent of an express agency agreement or the evidence of day to day control, it is very difficult to establish an agency relationship In Smith, Stone & Knight v Birmingham Corporation 1939 In Smith, Stone and Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation (1939) All ER 116, Atkinson J lifted the veil to enable a subsidiary company operating business on land owned by the holding company to claim compensation on the ground of agency. The parent company held almost all the shares in the subsidiary and profit of the subsidiary were enured as the profits of the parent was in effective con troll of the business and similarly the personnel who conducted the business and also appointed the personnelwho conducted the business.It was held that whether there was an agency relationship was a question o f fact in each case, such as who was really carrying on the business, who received the profit and who was in effective and constant control of the business. The veil was lifted in this case on the ground of any agency relationship. Although (a) hold all the shares in its subsidiary and all the profit flow back to it, there is no evidence of day to day control of an express agency agreement. It is therefore unlikely that the court would consider (b) as the agent of (a) (iii) view cape group as a single entity bingle economic Unit) Third, in relation to the debate on single economic unit, Lord Denning in DHN nutrition Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets LBC (1976)Argued that a group of companies was in reality a single economic entity and should be treaty as one. This view was disapproved by the House of Lords in Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council (1979)Which held that the Veil would be upheld unless it was a faade, In Adam v Cape held that, whether or not this is desirable, the rights to use a corporate structure in this manner inherent in our corporate law. The fundamental principle is that each company in a group of companies is a separate legal entity possessed of separate legal rights and liabilities. The Court, however, will ignore the distinction of particular statutory or contractual supplys, the meaning of which is disappointingly unclear. There is debate as whether the Veil can be lift in the interest of justice. This idea of lifting the corporate Veil in pursuit of justice was championed by Lord Denning in Wallesteiner v Moir 1974It is held in Adam v Cape that the Veil cannot be lifted merely in pursuit of justice. Another ground for lifting the Veil is where the Country is at war and it is in the Countrys interest to do so. Daimler v cathode-ray tube (1916) The application of this category is limited and it is more about politics than law. In addition to the examples at common law, the courts may lift the Veil and hold individuals shareholders or directors liable for the companys liabilities according to statutory provision. Section 761 of the companiesAct 2006, for example, reauires that the directors of a public limited company be jointly and severally liable to indemnify the other party in respect of any loss or damage suffered by reason of the company failure to comply with the provision that company should not trade before its registration. consort to section 213 of the insolvency Act 1986 on fraudulent trading, the Court may declare that any person, who carries on the business with the intention to defraud the company assets.Lord Diplock in Dimbleby v National Union of Journalists 1984States that the statutory provision must be in clear and unequivocal language The judicial approach towards lifting the corporate Veil is still unclear and lacks precise guidance despite the judgment in Adam v Cape. The Courts out to proceed on a case-by-case basis in deciding whether to lift the corporate Veil. The a couple of(pren ominal) number of examples at common law and in statute reflects the court reluctance to ignore the Salomon principle which are the openations of company law and have promoted the economic growth.This theory was first put forward by Lord Denning inin the case DHN Food v Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets (1976) who agreed that a group of companies was in reality a single economic entity, and should be treated as one the court was entitled to look at the realities of the situation to lift the corporate veil. The Court in Adam rejected the channel by stating that there was no general principle that all companies in a group of companies were to be regard as one.The fundamental principle is that each company in a group of companies is a separate legal entity with separate legal rights and liabilities. The disapproval of the single economic unit theory was confirmed in the case Ord v Belhaven Pub Ltd (1998) where the Court did not allow a plaintiff with a claimed against one subsidiary c ompany to substitute the parent company as defendant merely because the group might be a single economic units.Lord Denning in the Court of Appeal examined the major single economic units case where group structure were as single entity. It found that the case all involved the interpretation of the statute or a document. The Court reject the argument that cape was the group should be treat as one andconfirm the principle of Salomon.It can be argued, therefore, that the group structure of (b) and its subsidiaries is legitimate and it is very unlikely that the court will hold the parent liable on the ground of fraud, sham or mere faade.ConclusionsGiven the judicial reluctance to ignore the Salomon principles, it is highly unlikely that the court will hold (a) liable for the claims against (b) on the basis that the group structure is a mere faade, or there is an express agency relationship between them or that they should be treated as one economic unit