Thursday, February 28, 2019

Concept of Education in Islam and Its Objectives Essay

The Arabic language has three terms for education, representing the various dimensions of the educational process as perceived by Islam. The most widely employ word for education in a formal sense is talm, from the root alima (to know, to be aw atomic number 18, to perceive, to learn), which is used to de none familiarity world sought or imparted through instruction and teaching. Tarbiyah, from the root raba (to increase, to grow, to rear), implies a domain of spiritual and ethical nurturing in accordance with the will of God. Tadb, from the root aduba (to be glossinessd, refined, well- worldnered), suggests a persons development of fundamental social behavior. What is meant by sound requires a deeper understanding of the Moslem desire of the human cosmos.1) Importance of Education Education in the context of Islam is regarded as a process that involves the complete person, including the rational, spiritual, and social dimensions. As noted by Syed Muhammad al-Naquib al-Attas in 1979, the comprehensive and integrated approach to education in Islam is say toward the balanced growth of the total temperthrough training piece of musics spirit, intellect, rational self, feelings and bodily sensessuch that faith is infused into the whole of his personality (p. 158).Educational theory in Islam In Islam educational theory knowledge is procureed in order to actualize and perfect alone dimensions of the human being. From an Islamic perspective the highest and most useful model of perfection is the prophet Muhammad, and the destruction of Islamic education is that people be able to live as he lived. Syed Hussein Nasr wrote in 1984 that while education does prep ar manhood for happiness in this life, its ultimate goal is the abode of permanence and all education points to the permanent world of eternity (p. 7). To ascertain truth by reason alone is restrictive, according to Islam, because spiritual and temporal reality are two sides of the aforementioned( prenominal) sphere. Many Muslim educationists argue that favoring reason at the expense of spirituality interferes with balanced growth. Exclusive training of the intellect, for example, is inadequate in developing and refining elements of love,kindness, compassion, and selflessness, which have an altogether spiritual ambiance and stack be engaged only by processes of spiritual training.Education in Islam is twofold 1. getting intellectual knowledge (through the application of reason and logic) 2. development spiritual knowledge (derived from divine revelation and spiritual sense) According to the worldview of Islam, planning in education must be made equally for both. Acquiring knowledge in Islam is not intended as an end further as a means to stimulate a more sumptuous moral and spiritual consciousness, leading to faith and righteous action.1. Emphasis on Acquiring Education in Quraan In a society where morality and knowledge in common and acquisition in particular do no t go hand in hand, it seems necessary to briefly show the position of Islam vis--vis knowledge, Islam, in theory as well as in practice, has always promoted knowledge. Distinctive mark of human beings over the angels is knowledge And Allah taught ex all the names (231)The send-off verses of the Quran began with the word Read. Read in the name of thy Lord who created He created the human being from blood clot. Read in the name of thy Lord who taught by the pen He taught the human being what he did not know. (96 1-5). The Quran says.Are those who have knowledge equal to those who do not have knowledge?(399).2. Emphasis on Acquiring Education in Hadith The seer of Islam (peace be upon him and his progeny) has too emphasized the importance of pursuit knowledge in different ways(a) Time Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave. (b) Place Seek knowledge still if it is far as China. (c) Gender Seeking of knowledge is a duty of every Muslim (d) Source Wisdom is the lost property o f the believer, he should take it even if finds it in the mouth of a mushrik.The Prophet did not only vaticinate about importance of knowledge, he also gave examples of promoting knowledge. In the very first battle between the Muslims and unbelievers or Mecca, known as the war of Badr, the Muslims gain victory and caught seventy kuffars as prisoners of war. One of the criteria of releasing the prisoners devised by the Prophet was that those who were literate among the prisoners could go free if they teach ten Muslim children how to pick up and write.2) Aims and Objectives of Education in Islam The aim of education in Islam is to produce a good man. What is meant by good in our concept of good man? The fundamental element inherent in the concept of education in Islam is the inculcation of adab (tadib), for it is adab in the all-inclusive sense I mean, as include the spiritual and material life of a man that instills the quality of morality that is sought after. Education is what t he Prophet, Peace be upon him, meant by adab when he tell My Lord, educate (addaba) me and make my education (tadib) most excellent.There is a general tendency among Muslims who are aware of the dilemma that is now pressing upon the fraternity to see its causes as remote, as coming from the outside, originating from influences exerted by western sandwich culture and politeness. That its causes are attributed to external elements is of course based upon correct observation, but it is also only partly true.It is true that the Muslim mind is now undergoing great(p) infiltration of cultural and intellectual elements alien to Islam but to say that the causes are derived from external sources is only partly true. How has it been possible in the first ordain for Muslims to succumb to such infiltration to the extent that their predicament has now off-key the proportions of a dilemma? We will at once realize that the external causes referred to are not the only ones responsible for th rowing us into a convey of general crisis, and we must see that the full truth of our answer to the head teacher lies undeniably in the prevalence of a certain anomaly in spite of appearance our Community an anomaly that has with increasing persistence plagued our world and our intellectual history, and that has been left field uncorrected and unchecked, now to spread like a raging transmission system in our midst.Only by our consciousness and recognition and acknowledgement that solid internal causes have incircumstance contributed considerably to our general disarray will we be able to discern the full truth that lies at the core of the dilemma we suffer today. The secular scholars and intellectuals among the Muslims derive their inspiration mainly from the West. Ideologically they depart to the same line of descent as the modernist reformers and their followers and some of them stand by to the views of the traditionalist reformers and their followers.The majority of them d o not possess the intellectual, spiritual, and linguistic prerequisites of Islamic knowledge and epistemology so that they are severed from the cognitive and methodological approaches to the schoolmaster sources of Islam and Islamic learning. In this way their knowledge of Islam is at the barest minimal level. Because they immerse a strategic position in the midst of the community and unless they drastically change their ways of thinking and believing, they pose a grave peril to the Islamic welfare of the Community.They have no adab, for they do not make and acknowledge the legitimate authorities in the true hierarchical order, and they portray by example and teach and advocate confusion and error. This is in fact the main reason why, as demonstrated in the course of Western intellectual history throughout the ages and the rise of secular philosophy and science in Westerncivilization, the Western conception of knowledge based upon its experience and consciousness must invariably lead to secularization.There can be no doubt, therefore, that if the secular Muslim scholars and intellectuals allow themselves, or are allowed to blur the Muslim youth in knowledge, the delslamization of the Muslim mind will glide by to take effect with greater persistence and intensity, and will follow the same kind of secularizing course in future generations.Large numbers among them do not fully understand the nature of Western culture and civilization whence they draw their inspiration and before which they stand agape in reverential awe and servile humility portraying the attitude of the inferior. They do not even completely grasp the contents and implications of the teachings of their alien masters, being content only to repeat them in vulgarized versions and so cheat the Muslim audience of their true worth.

Motivation Evaluation Essay

motif EvaluationMotivation has three major opinepoints consisting of psychoanalytic, humanistic, and mixture (McAdams, 2009). A nonher approach to human motivations is henry Murrays theory. These judgments can help a psyche understand the motivations of others. In the case of Ted Bundy, utilise these viewpoints can help understand the authors behind his motives for adequate a serial killer. Psychoanalytic viewAt an early age, Ted Bundy became implicated in disturbing objects such as knives (bio. True Story, 2013). This was only the jump however. As a teenager Bundy began looking through peoples windows and stealing (bio. True Story, 2013). In an interview before his death, he told psychologist pack C. Dobson that pornography especially those that depicted violent sexual dealing fueled his reasons (interview, January 23, 1989). This fits into Freuds view that motivation lie withs from our sexual and aggressive urges (McAdams, 2009). humanist viewHumanists believe that pe oples motives stem from wanting to meliorate up themselves (McAdams, 2009). While Bundys murderous crimes do not convey a person who is trying to better their self his academic and social intent does. After Bundy learned his sister was actually his mother and the devastating break up between him and his girlfriend he threw himself into his studies and graduated with honors (bio, 2013). Bundy also became a republican campaigner for the governor of Washington who wrote him a letter of tribute for law school (bio. True Story, 2013).Diversity viewThe vicissitude view believes that people are motivated by a number of things (McAdams, 2009). The reason for Bundys rampage on killing women falls under the diversity view because pornography is not believed to be his only reason. While in college he fell in love with a woman who did not reciprocate the feelings he did (bio, 2013). His victims during his killing spree shared her physical characteristics it is feasible this heart breakdro ve him to doing harm to women who resembled her (bio, 2013).Henry Murrays systemAnother view of motivation comes from Henry Murray. He believes that a persons motivation comes from time and its force includes demand, press, and thema (McAdams, 2009). Needs are constructs of the head word that deals with human thinking, perceiving, strivings, and feelings (McAdams, 2009). Press is, according to McAdams (2009) various situational constraints and opportunities for need expression (279). The recurrent interaction between the two is called the thema (McAdams, 2009).ConclusionThe psychoanalytic perspective believes that motivations come from our sexual and aggressive urges the humanistic believes that these motives stem from wanting to better ourselves, and the diversity view states that there are numerous motives for individual actions (McAdams, 2009). Another view point is found from Henry Murray who discusses how a persons needs motivate them. Ted Bundy was a serial killer whos mot ives could be explained using each one of the viewpoints including how his ambitions to kill started and what could have possibly pushed him over his so-called ledge.Referencebio.. (2013). Ted Bundy Biography. Retrieved from http//www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/ted-bundy.htmlbio. True Story. (2013). Ted Bundy. biography. Retrieved from http//www.biography.com/people/ted-bundy-9231165?page=1McAdams, D. P. (2009). The person An cornerstone to the science of personality psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Related Literature for Inventory System

OUTPUT 1st twenty-four hour period/ Satur solar day Nov. 24, 2012 * Orientation of the pupils and student teachers and get the final list of official student 2nd day/ Saturday Dec. 1, 2012 * 1st checking the attendance of the students and separate them from (3 5),(6 8),(9 15) 3-5 goes to Carina, Mae and Malabunga 6-8 take in charged by Judith and Canaria while 9-15 handle by Battalier, Quientela and Berdin. 3nd day/ Saturday Dec. 8, 2012 * program line the students 4nd day/ Saturday Dec. 15, 2012 * program line the students 5nd day/ Saturday Dec. 22, 2012 * Teaching the students 6nd day/ Saturday Dec. 29, 2012 No classes because CWTS and LTS students went to bucolic Jail. 7nd day/ Saturday January 05, 2013 * (Delayed of Christmas Party) Christmas Party of the students was medyo delayed for about reasons. We nimble games, gift and some foods to share. 8nd day/ Saturday January 12, 2013 * Continue of teaching the students 9nd day/ Saturday January 19, 2013 * Teaching the stud ents 10th day/ Saturday January 26, 2013 * Teaching 11th day/ Saturday February 2, 2013 * Teaching 12th day/ Saturday February 9, 2013 * Teaching 13th day/ Saturday February 16, 2013 * Teaching 1 quaternate day/ Saturday February 23, 2013 * Teaching fifteenth day/ Saturday March 2, 2013 Teaching and finalizing the lessons that we teach and review totally the lessons that we teach. And we all talked about their dismissal day in coming next Saturday. sixteenth day/ Saturday March 9, 2013 * Dismissal day/ party party, we dance and maunder and also we eat and saying farewell to our beloved students. Official rock of Students 3 5 + 0ne 16yrs old who doesnt even know how to preserve or read NAMEAGE 1. Rose Anne S. Arciaga 5 2. Eunice Belsa 4 3. Rejhen Dishoso 3 4. Richell Dishoso 4 5. John Lorenz Escoto 3 6. Marian Escoto 4 7. Dale Ikawat 4 8. Marvin Escoto 5 9. Denise Roldan 16 10. Lyka Mae 5 11.John Mel 5 Teachers Ms. Carina Mae D. Martillos Ms. May G. Abria Ms. Maida R. Malabunga 6 8 NAMEAGE 1. Kim N. Abasolo 7 2. Gelli Ann Bonita 6 3. Jillian Bonita 8 4. Defresa Keen Valie 7 5. Christian Ibais 7 6. Jackielyn N. Mallo 8 7. Marilyn Orubia 8 8. Don Edmon Palarca 7 9. Benjie Juares 8 Teachers Ms. Judith Calajate Ms. Roselyn Canaria 9 15 NAMEAGE Female 1. Abasolo, Princess9 2. Beunavidez, Joy12 3. Dacio, Jenny9 4. Dishoso, Desiree9 5. Dishoso, Rosabel12 6. Francisco, Jessica13 7. Magdaog, April11 8. Nario, Jessa12 9. Orubia, Marinel11 10. Resuello, Francia15 11. Resuello, Jhamyca10 12. Romero, Julie Ann10Male 1. Francisco, Daryl A. 11 2. Gonzales, Bryan Paul9 3. Las Pinas, Phillipe Louis12 4. Magdaog, Jaypoy11 5. Rodriguez, Reymart11 6. Roldan, Ivan13 7. Soria, Dexter11 8. Soria, Mico11 9. Tomero, Jomar9 Teachers Ms. Luningning Battalier Ms. Elleca Jane Berdin Ms. Krizzelle Joy Quientela 3rd / Saturday Duties Battalier prepared the Berdinsnacks Martillos stand as the teacher Abria helper teacher Malabunga auxiliary teacher Calajate stand as the teacher Canar ia assistant teacher stand as the teacher assistant teacher Battalier Berdin Quientela 4th / Saturday Martillos prepared the snacksAbria assistant Martillos Teacher Abria assistant teacher Malabunga Calajate stand as the teacher Canaria assistant teacher Teacher auxiliary teacher Battalier Berdin Quientela prepared the snacks 5th / Saturday Martillos Malabunga Martillos assistant teacher AbriaTeacher Malabunga assistant teacher Calajate Teacher Canaria Assistant Assistant Teacher Battalier Berdin Quientela 7th / Saturday Battalierprepared the foods Prepared the front room games Martillos Abria Calajate Berdin Prepared the materials for the parlor games Quientela Canaria Malabunga

Eating Disorders: Symptoms, Signs, Causes Essay

What is an take in malady? Well, mavin of the many an(prenominal) definitions for an take disorder is any range of psychological disorders characterized by disturbed take in habits which include anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervous (BN) and squeeze- eraseing disorder. (CITE). All alimentation disorders sire uniform characteristics. This could be a venerate of change state fat, food, cant over or calories. The fountain why I want to focus on this population is that eat disorders argon a significant problem during the adolescent years touch up to 5% of adolescent girls (Golden et al., 2003). virtu allyone commenceing from an alimentation disorder has a very cytomegalic relationship with food that is prying into many areas of their everyday life. An individual whitethorn eat little to no food, eat unreasonably massive amounts of food, be infatuated with thoughts of food or exercise, and impart a distorted body date. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of psycholo gical Disorders fifth edition (DSM-V) recognizes four main feeding disorders anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge rich person disorder, and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). (CITE DSM-5).The signs of an eating disorder will vary and whitethorn include refusal to eat, extreme exercise, hearty withdrawal, self-induced vomiting or binge eating.Many families that have a family extremity that endorses from an eating disorder to a fault have an increased guess of depression, obesity, center abuse or consuming too more food. People that suffer from eating disorders may struggle socially, physically and or mentally, there are also many symptoms and signs to watch for. ( hold 7)Causes of feeding DisordersEating Disorders are analyzable disorders, influenced by a faade of factors. Thought the exact cause of eating disorders is unknown, it is in general believed that a combination of biological, psychological and/or environmental abnormalities support to the am plifyment of these illnesses. (Cite condition 4)Biological FactorsWhen it comes to biological factors some include current people may have irregular hormone functions that increase their risk of developing eating disorders. Genetics (the tie between eating disorders and ones genes is still being heavily researched, but we know that genetics is a part of the story). And lastly, there are feedal deficiencies which is an inadequate bring out of essential nutrients in diet resulting in malnutrition or disease. (Mayo Clinic)Psychological FactorsSome of the psychological factors or emotional wellness include people with a negative body image. They may have low self-esteem, perfectionism impulsive air and troubled relationships with friends and loved ones. (Article 4)Environmental FactorsEnvironmental factors or social factors that would tin to the occurrence of eating disorders are dysfunctional family dynamic, professions and careers that promote being delicate and cant over los s, such(prenominal) homunculusing. Aesthetically oriented sports, where an emphasis is placed on maintaining a lean body for enhanced performance. Family and childhood traumas childhood knowledgeable abuse, severe trauma and cultural and/or peer pressure among friends and co-workers. (Article 6)Signs and Symptoms (CITIE Article)Symptoms may vary depending on the type of eating disorder. A man or a woman suffering from an eating disorder may pick up several signs and symptoms that are both the same and divers(prenominal).Anorexia NervosaAnorexia is possible life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an atypically low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight and one-sided perception of weight or regularise. People that suffer from anorexia use dangerous efforts to work their weight and shape, which often knowingly interferes with their lifestyle. regression with calories and fat contents of food or use other methods to lose weight such as having engaging in formalize d eating patterns, including, cutting food into tiny pieces, eating whole, and/or hiding food. (Cite expression 5)Bulimia NervosaBulimia is a serious, theoretically life-threatening eating disorder. When you have bulimia, you have episodes of bingeing and purging that involve feeling a lack of control over your eating. Many people with bulimia also restrict their eating during the day, which often leads to more binge eating and purging (Cite article 3). During these episodes, bulimics typically eat a large amount of food in a short time, and then puree to rid of the extra calories in an unhealthy way. Because of guilt, shame and an intense fear of weight gain from overeating, they may pass vomiting (purging bulimia), exercise too much, or use other methods, such as laxatives, to get rid of the calories (no purging bulimia). Even if you are bulimic, youre undoubtedly preoccupied with weight and body shape and may sound out severely and harshly for self-perceived flaws. Bulimic m ay be at a normal weight or even a bit laborious. (Cite article 4)Binge-Eating DisorderWhen it comes to a binge-eating disorder, many regularly eat too much food (binge) and feel a lack of control over eating. Eating quickly or eat more food than intended, even when not hungry, and may continue eating even long after becoming uncomfortably full. After a binge, there may feeling of guilty, stimulate or ashamed by the behavior displayed and the amount of food eaten (Cite Article 2). Many will try to but do not try to compensate for this behavior with excessive exercise or purging, as soul with bulimia or anorexia might. Embarrassment can lead to eating alone to hide bingeing. A new round of bingeing usually occurs at to the lowest degree once a week. Many may be normal weight, overweight or obese (Cite article 1)TreatmentsTreatment of an eating disorder generally includes a team flack. The team typically includes medical providers, mental health providers and dietitians all with experience in eating disorders. Many of the manipulations are establish around your specific type of eating disorder. However, in general, it typically includes psychotherapy, nutrition education and medication thorough being either an outpatient, or inmate and if your life is at risk the possibility of being hospitalized. (CITIE ARTICLE 2). Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy can help learn how to fill in unhealthy habits with healthy ones. Psychotherapy can also help to modify the relationships and moods. Psychotherapy can include both Cognitive Behavioral therapy and Family establish Therapy. (Cite Article 3)Cognitive Behavioral TherapyCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is applicable to all eating disorders but has been most intensively studied in the treatment of bulimia nervosa (BN). CBT is designed to alter abnormal attitudes about body shape and weight. (CITE ARTICLE 1) CBT is effective in reducing all core features of BN and shows untroubled maintenance of therapeu tic improvement.Family Based TherapyFamily Based Therapy (FBT) is an evidence-based treatment for children and over teenagers relations with eating disorders. The family is involved in making sure that the child or other family member follow healthy-eating patterns and maintains a healthy body image and weight. (Cite article 1)OutpatientThe oddments of this form of treatment include restoring a normal weight and maintaining that weight, managing physiologic abnormalities, reducing the comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as depression, and changing the central thoughts that are underlying the anorexia. Bulimics require similar medical management with the goal of the treatment being the restoration of a normalized eating pattern warrant of the binge and/or purge cycle. (Article 6)Partial HospitalizationFor the patient with anorexia nervosa (AN) who have had repeated hospitalizations, a fond(p) hospitalization treatment plan is recommended. The partial hospitalization treatment sho uld follow a group treatment model and should include nutritional counseling, meal planning and additional groups such as social skills training. For a patient with BN who are in transition from inpatient to outpatient treatment or those whose bingeing and purging have begun to interfere with their functioning may be treated in partial hospitalization. (Article 3)Inpatient TreatmentThe criteria consume for hospitalization for both anorexia and bulimia include unstable medical conditions. load loss of 10% to 15% or more normal for retroversion only or 16% to 20% or more if it is a patients first episode. (Cite article 1). The inpatient hospitalization beings with a full evaluation, including a psychiatric and medical evaluation.Patients with anorexia are fed initially with supplemental watery feedings 6 times a day until they are within at least 10% of their goal weight. Patients who refuse the feedings consistently and do not gain weight are given feeing through nasal stomachi c tubes (Mayo Clinic).Bulimic patients being with food trays. The goal for both anorectics and bulimics is self-regulated weight maintenance. This is through with(p) through letting the patient self-selecting meals after a period of weight maintenance within their range. Both the bulimic and the anorectic are participants in response prevention techniques intended to prevent any purging behavior. (John Hopkins) coming(prenominal) Practitioner Helping Individual with Eating Disorders from Em military forcement and Strength PerspectivesThe authorization perspective and the strength-based approach work together. In social service work, the strengths-based approach involves helpers highlighting the clients strengths and not their shortfalls. There are different ways to empower clients and how empowerment can benefit the clients and social run workers attitudes, relationships etc. Social workers need to be aware and practice methods for empowerment effectively to be able to believe i n their clients strengths, abilities, and dreams. (Cite empowerment article). Empowerment does not give people power, people already have plenty of power. Empowerment is defined as letting this power out. It encourages people to gain the skills and knowledge that will allow them to overcome obstacles in life or work environment and eventually help them develop strengths within themselves or in the society (Cite Theo class).

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Essay

throughout the novel the Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao Yunior tells the story of oscars family that is allegedly unredeemed by the Fuku. The friar preacher family that roots back to when Trujillo was in male monarch has been tragical ensnareed by the Fuku. The main character Oscar is an awkward friar preacher that balms his failures on the curse of the Fuku. The curse started back in the Dominican republic when the authoritarian dictator Trujillo convicted oscars grandfather Abelard who was a respected doctor for conspiracy. When oscars grandfather was typeset in jail he was tortured and beaten, this was the origin of the curse for the Waos. standardized a gene the curse has been passed down the family to oscar. The author Junot Diaz uses the motif of the Fuku to deck how bani allows her awful olden to dramatically affect her and children.E veryone that lived in the Dominican was in some way negatively effected by Trujillo. Oscar Wao was a maintenance example of the fuk u and how not only Trujillo effected the dominican people of his magazine but all the same the people two generations later. For example (p.5)wether I call up in what humansy have described as the great American doom is not really the maneuver. You live as long as I did in the heart of Fuku country, you hear these kinds of tales all the cartridge holder everybody in san domingo has a Fuku story knocking around in their family. Yunior is expressing the fact that even if you are not a believer of the Fuku curse if you are dominican there is a good chance it has affected you or your family.When oscars take was left an orphan she was put through unbelievably awful peck much like her fathers. This time in Banis life effect who she became and how she parented Oscar.(78)From 1951 on, hija and madre running their famous bakery near the plaza underlying and keeping their fading, airless house in tip-top shape. (before 1951, our orphan female child had lived with another(prenominal) foster family, monsterous people if the rumors are to be believed, a Stygian period of her life neither she nor her madre ever referenced. Their very own pagina en blanco). This quotation refers to how oscars mother was effected by the Fuku. The reason she was an orphan was because Trujillo killed her parents. The events of her childhood were a direct result of Trujillo but Bani had the power to put the past in the past and parent Oscar the right way, because Bani did not do this the Fuku lives on. many an(prenominal) times in the book a Wao has been injured almost to the point of death. Once was when Oscar attempted suicide. Oscars Suicide attempt was not just because he lost the first girl he has ever making loved it was too because of how Oscar had almost no self esteem. Even his own mother would asperse him from a young age. The suicide attempt went wrong and Oscar survived to live another day. (p.191) Except that this one of the garden dividers that they planted shrubs on and he concern the freshly tilled loam and not the concrete.Because he hit the fresh loam he survived with many harsh injures instead of plummeting to his death as planned. This was an incident in Oscar Waos life that was a result of his failures like his failure to love or be loved. This failure stems back to how his mother raised him with very tough love because of the her childhood.The novel clearly illustrated how the Fuku has effected all Dominican people even if they had immigrated off the island. To me this novel is not about dominican people and there history it is about how only one man effected millions of lives not only in one point it time but for generations to come. Junot Diaz shows the reader how we all have the power to stop abominable things like the Fuku from effecting the next generation but you must have the power to leave the past in the past.

History and Origin of the Ancient Olympic Games Essay

The quaint exceptional games represent a soften of Ancient Greek history that the world continues to celebrate to xxiv hours. Every tetrad years world nations gather at a specific billet to compete in the surpassing games. This coming to tickher of world nations stand fors a time of peace and unity among the world. With each victory came honor, glory and surcharge for the winning athlete and their country. The history and parentage of the majestic games includes religious celebrations, fabulous stories as well every embracing Greeces love and assess of pure athleticism. This paper will discuss the history and ascendent of the antique exceeding games. It will elaborate upon the fact that the history and origin of the prodigious games include religious celebrations, fig manpowertical stories as well as tit Greeces love and respect of pure athleticism.Establishment of Games in capital of WashingtonThe Olympic games pertain to a key issue on the worldwide level, w hich features winter, and summer sports and invites thousands of athletes for the purpose of participation in various competitions. The Olympic games atomic number 18 acknowledged as the leading competition of sports globally, in which at that place argon over 200 nations as participants1. The Ancient Olympic games were established in capital of Washington in 776 BC, creating an institution that would continue by dint ofout the world for thousands of years.Initially, from the eight-spoth coke BC to the 4th century AD, the antique Olympic games got their origin in Olympia, Greece. Many studies give an account of the ancient Olympics, which, according to their observation, were held in Greece approximately 3,000 years back. Though they were very ancient in origin, they started beingness considered and called as classical games already by the end of the 6th century BC. By that time, there were three sporting festivals, which had gained remarkable significance as well aspopulari ty. They include the Nemean Games at Nemea the Pythian games, held at Delphi and the Isthmian Games, which were held full Corinth. Later, there were various similar festivals, which took place in virtually cl cities, including Odessus, Alexandria, Rome, Antioch, and Naples. on that point incur been various legends and myths connected with the background and origin of the ancient Olympic games. They are a mirror image of the Greek polishs mythic-religious nature. For instance, in the ancient Greece, it was a tradition and religious cover that all the festivals and celebrations were to be performed in honor of a particular divinity. Thus, these Olympic games and related festivals were conducted under the patronage of the Greek leader of the pantheon of gods, Zeus. It is said that the Olympia was marked by Zeus as his revered zone through bolt of thunder, which he flung on Mount Olympus from his throne.It is said that to mark that foretell spot, a stunning altar of Zeus was create d at Olympia, which is situated in the North from his spectacular synagogue. Then, there is a nonher very remarkable myth regarding the Olympics with reference to the Hercules, the greatest Greek hero. It is said that in order to get freedom from the slavery to King Eurystheos of Argos, the hero had to complete twelve labors. Once, the Hercules was do with it, he celebrated the success by making a change in the orchard, laying out the borders of the Altis, and establishing the Olympic games in honor of Zeus. He determined the distance for the race in a special focussing for six hundred times, he put one foot in front of the other2.Establishment of the Olympic CalendarThe Greeks had a different calendar for holding the Olympic games. They observed that 99 lunar months made eight solar years. Therefore, they established a late calendar, which was known as the octaeteris and was around 99 lunar months. They arranged the calendar in such a way that there were eight years in which each of the phoebe bird years contained twelve months and the rest three years comprised of 13 months. The unembellished three months were inserted in the 3rd, 5th, and 8th years.It was believed by the Greek historians that the Greeks unploughed the 8-year calendar when the Olympic games were invented in the 776 BC. Later, the dickens four-year periods were measured as the octaeteris one of the 50 months and one of 49 months and they madethese 4-year periods known as the Olympiads3. These four years periods exist today as well, and in the month of February, after every four years, a leap day is added up and the Olympics are conducted. Thus, the Olympic games are held according to the Olympic Calendar based on a four year Olympiad.Sacred TruceThe truce carries the meaning the divide of hostilities and the holding of hands in the Greek language. It had begun in the form of a month-long Holy Treaty between King Lykourgos of Sparta, King Iphitor of Elis, and King Kleosthenes of Pis a in 824 BC. A bronze discus had the terms of this truce carved upon it, and it was kept in Altis, in the Temple of Hera at Olympia. The Truce was principally meant to go to bed peace and harmony all across Greece. It covered the following clauses Armies and weapons were not permitted to enter Elis The hostile areas were safe for travelling of the frontees whose city-state was at war There was no permission for the death penalties.Before the beginning of the Olympic festivals, the password of the truce was spread through the three news bearers, decorated with miscellanea of olive, and staff carriers, who went to every city of Greece. It was the duty of the antecedent to confirm the festivals date in order to invite the residents to participate and attend as well as to proclaim the truce of Olympic. Thus, they were known as the truce-bearers (spondophoroi) and the permanent legal advisors to the Eleans and official warrantors of the truce. The sacred truce played an main(pre nominal) role in the Olympics. Before the truce, the mainland Greece region was disturbed by the turmoil and civil wars. However, after the safety was guaranteed to the people by sacred truce, the ancient Olympic games got popularity and became a source of unity and peace amongst the people of Greece.Athletes in the Olympic gamesUntil the 1970s, the Olympic athletes were not permitted to accept any sort of prizes or endorsements, and no professionals were permitted to enter into the competition of Olympic games. The professional athletes were thought to have undue gain over the participants who played the games as their hobby. The victor in the ancient Olympic was given first prize when the competitionended. The herald announced the name of the winner, and, a Greek Judge, Hellanodikis, would put a touch branch in his hands, and the audience threw flowers at him and cheered him. In order to symbolize victory, red ribbons were tied on his hands and head.4 On the last day when the ga mes completed, an official award ceremony would be conducted, at the prominent manor hall at Zeus temple. The Olympic winners name, with his father and motherlands name would be announced loudly. The Hellanodikis would then, place the holy wreaths of olive tree, or kotinos, on the head of the winner5.In the ancient Olympic games, the participants were all the free male citizens of Greece, irrespective of their social status. Diagoras, a member of a royal family from Rhodes Polymnistor, a shepherd Orsippos, Alexander I, son of Amyndas and King of Macedonia a general from Megara and Democritus, a philosopher, all participated in the Olympics. The only people not allowed to participate in the ancient Olympics were the married women. 4 Ancient Olympic Games, Olympic.org. 2012, 5 Ancient Olympic Games, Olympic.org. 2012 However, those women who were single were permitted to attend and watch the competition.The goddess of fertility, priestess of Demeter, was permitted an honor place nex t to the altar of Stadium. Athletic Events Divisions divided between men and boys would divide athletic events. According to the writings of Pausanias, the first Olympic event was the foot race. The victor was Coroebus.6 This initial foot race was known as the stadion. The athletes would sprint for one stade or the length of the stadium. 7 Fourteen festivals afterwards the double foot race was added. This race was known as a two-stade race or two lengths of the stadium. Long distance races were added ranging from seven to twenty-four stades. 8 Another stade event involved athletes running between two and four stades wearing full military armor.This armor weighed about fifty dollar bill sixty pounds. The Pentathlon would be added as well. The Pentathlon included five different events. The events included discus, javelin, bound, running and wrestling. This event is still included in todays Olympic games. carry racing would be one of the equestrian events the ancient Greeks includ ed in the games. There were two and four horse chariot races. According to Plato, the family with the battered ears (Plato) described the athletes who participated in the sport of boxing.9 6. Pausanias, 5.1-157. perseus.tufts.edu/edu8.Pausanias, 5.1-159. perseus.tufts.edu/eduRome and the ultimate End of the Olympic gamesThe family memorial monument of the Philip II of Macedonia was being constructed at Olympia, and his son, Alexander the Great, witnessed the completion. Philip II and his offspring attributed a huge importance to Olympia. They offered financial help and gifts to the Olympia and were a source of inspiration for the other blue donors, who started doing the same. When the Classical period was near its end, the attitude towards the Games started to diminish, which as well as reflected the eventual declivity in ancient Greeces history.10 Where once Zeus was worshipped, winners now placed their coronets at the foot of their benefactor god and where once all the pers ist and success was credited to the help of the deities, now it was ruled and commanded by the athletes in the glory of their personal achievements and successes. The religious importance of the Olympic games begun to decline, and it became more of a world-premiere athletic contest than a religious festival.This era focused mainly on athletes instead of the divine spirits, and it was clear in the construction of facilities at Olympia. It was between the 1st and 3rd centuries that more facilities to assist the athletes were built, which included the discipline to the athletes baths, a palaistra, a big practice gym for the track competitors, and a stadium sort of place to help the athletes train and practice for the jumping and combat events. In the earlier years of the 2nd century BC, there begun the papistic intervention in Hellenic affairs, and they end up presently imposing rules on Macedonia and Greece and ending the independence of Greece in 146 BC. Thus, it was the end of th e religious Olympics and the fall of Greece.It was the end of Greece, the beginning of the Roman period, and the beginning of the end of the Olympic games. 10.http//www.richeast.org/htwm/Olympics/surpassings.htmlReinstatement of the Olympic gamesThe short renaissance of the ancient Olympic games was marked by thepolitical stability and economic and cultural revival of the Roman occupation. However, the games were no longer holy festivals they turned into gladiator contests, which were extremely bloody and violent. Later, these games were also acknowledged as international under the wide-ranging coverage of the Roman citizenship and were then appreciated and enjoyed by many regions including Egypt. Royal benefaction contributed to the melioration in the location of Olympia, and it befitted that of a Roman showpiece. Comprehensive repairs and modifications were made to the temple of Zeus many other buildings were also modified according to the new construction trends. Moreover, athle tic facilities and new monuments were also dedicated for the holding of Olympic games.ConclusionThe ancient Olympic games were rich in culture and traditions. The origin of the Olympic games has enthralled and fascinated many students, historians, and archeologists in their quest to divulge the mysteries behind them. Throughout time, the ancient Olympic games have survived wars and natural disasters, they were curtly abolished but brought back to life, and now it is a worldwide-celebrated tradition.Bibliography1. Ancient Olympic Games, Olympic.org. 2012. http//www.olympic.org/ancient-olympic-games2. Olympic-Legacy. Myths &Legendshttp//www.pe04.com/olympic/olympia/legends_o.php 3. Pausanias, http//www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias5A.html74. http//www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/index.html5. http//www.richeast.org/htwm/Olympics/olympics.html6. Vaughan, Valerie. The Origin of the Olympics Ancient Calendars and the Race Against

Brand Failures

Companies dont blame the product, (but) they blame the place. posts also transform the process of marketing into a process of perception- classing. Image is now everything consumers assure more important the perception of the brand than the real product. Why brand is everything? Because companies live or die on the strength of the brand cardinal mistake and the customer brook break the loyalty bond RULES why brands belong l. Brand Amnesia. For old brands, memory becomes a problem. When a brand forgets its identity and try to create a new identity, like Coca-Cola with modern Coke. Brand Ego. Brand overestimates its importance, believe to dominate the market alone (like Polaroid in the photography market) or enter new markets that dont fit (like Harley Davidson selling perfume) 3. Brand deception. Companies more or lesstimes lie when branding, and today consumers atomic number 18 really connected via net and cant be cheated. 4. Brand paranoia. When the brand feels an inferio rity complex, imitating the competitors and reinventing the brand every hexad months. 5. Brand Relevance. When a market evolves, the brands risk to become obsolete.There are some myths associated with branding I If a product is good, it will have success. This is non always true, Because good products can rifle exactly like dismal products. For example, Bateman was better than VS., but failed. 2. Brands are more likely to succeed than fail. Wrong. Brands fail every single day, the 80 per cent dies when introduced, and 10 per cent inside five years. 3. Big companies Will always have brand success. This is false, because celebrated brands are also weaker. For example New Coke. 4. Strong brands are built on advertising.Advertising can support brands, but not build them. There are many types of failures, one of them is Classic failures Reasons why brands fail marketing errors like setting the wrong price or key out or getting paranoid about the competition or consumers can boycott the brand because of a scandal via internet or exactly because they are bad ideas New Coke model In the case of New Coke, the brand forgot its identity.

Monday, February 25, 2019

Brainstorming & Applied Imagination

brainstorm has a long history that stretches game to almost 3000 years, although it owes its current popularity to efforts of Alex Osborn in 1950s through his seminal move around Applied Imagination (Proctor, 1999, 114 Sutton and Hargaddon, 1996). Osborn used cerebrate with an objective to increase fanciful thinking at bottom organizations. In his surmises, creativity in organizations was impeded by opposed environment to new ideas that discouraged pot from sexual climax forth with their views and opinions. yet developing of think has been firmness of purpose of Osborns commitment to encourage employees to come give away freely with their ideas (capital of Minnesotaus and Brown, 2003, 110). Brainstorming gained rapid popularity due to its simplicity, its fun elements, its therapeutic abilities and its proved soundness in stimulating creativity and emergence of new ideas (Davis, 1973, 90). In cerebrate participants be encouraged to come openly with their ideas of wildes t sort, with place being interfered, and criticized, that leads to cabal and improvement of ideas (Sutton and Hargaddon, 1996).Techniques of Brainstorming Generally brainstorming techniques argon divided into cardinal main categories that are a) Un structure b) Structured (Proctor, 1999, 114). While the unstructured brainstorming doesnt involve any established single-valued function, resulting in unproductive efforts, the structured brainstorming proceeds through just about set rules that make it a very hard-hitting technique. These rules and principles, suggested by Osborn in the early 1950s are (ibid) 1. No criticism Criticism is not permitted during brainstorming session to cooperate in uninhibited flow of ideas2. Quantity is encouraged Large upshot of ideas increases likelihood of efficaciousness of session 3. Unrestrained ideas Brainstorming sessions encourages participants to come out with any idea, no matter how wild it appears. This patrons people in coming out of t heir fears and express their views openly 4. Improvement of ideas Brainstorming also encourages people to suggest in improving ideas of former(a) people and suggest ways by which various ideas can be combined in unison, for great efficiency. Benefits of BrainstormingThese techniques of brainstorming collect helped in reaching solutions to various kinds of problems within organizations. As reported by Proctor (1999, 116) brainstorming has proved very effective in coming out with solutions of problems that pertain to Issues of reducing time in production line, 1. finding ways to handle shop lifting 2. In marketing and sales segment where within a short time a large number of concepts, punch lines and creative names are required. withal the same techniques of brainstorming do not yield desired result if problem is too technical or require special expertise that cannot be suggested by other people.Today brainstorming has become synonymous with creative thinking and infusion of ima ginative solution to problems that come in organizational setups. The basic concept of brainstorming is to achieve a synergy of ideas that helps to hold in situation of deadlocks. It helps in generating ideas and then narrows down attention to their detail whereby from a number of available options the optimum course is selected. Thus it creates a instalment where participants themselves become proponents of ideas and their judge to weed out the ineffectual concepts and retain altogether those that carry sufficient potential with them (Proctor, 1999).The distinct advantage of brainstorming is that it helps in bringing forth a number of ideas through creating a flicker and interactive atmosphere where one idea is instigator of many other ideas, and even an absurd suggestion acting as a stimulant drug for relevant ideas. The other advantage of brainstorming is that it is a therapeutic procedure in overstressed atmospheres where people are given opportunities to speak up, present their views, contract feedback and share their ideas with others (Davis, 1973).There are numerous instances where brainstorming has successfully delivered the solution to problems that had flummoxed organizations. intensity level of Brainstorming Although the effectiveness of brainstorming is demonstrated through various experiments and psychometric test groups, there is a controversy whether group brainstorming is more effective than solitary brainstorming (Paulus and Brown, 2003). As mentioned by Sutton and Hargaddon (1996), a majority of experiments conducted on techniques of brainstorming have come out with different observation on the thesis of Osborn.Their findings revealed that although group brainstorming is a widely accepted rule for inspiring creativity, revamping business operations and bringing improvement in industrial and manufacturing processes, controlled tests have shown that compared to individuals thinking alone, the productivity output of group brainstorming is deject. Further findings by Mullen, Johnson and Salas (1991) suggest that in some cases groups consisting of more than two members have shown comparatively lower productivity than that of individual thought process.However, on exploring the reasons of lower productivity, its found some of them result from improper covering of Osborns wakeless rules. The three main reasons suggested for lower productivity in group brainstorming are 1. Fear among group members in freely expressing their ideas, anticipating negative feedback by their group partners 2. Lower level of accountability, where member tend to go rash and literally get focused on coming out with whole wild and impractical ideas 3. Sometimes over generation of ideas by some individuals block idea generation process of other individuals who loose the tackiness of their thought process.electronic Brainstorming Application of information technology and computer compend methods to brainstorming has provided new tools in h ands of researchers to measure the effectiveness of brainstorming and improve its outcome by balancing technological capabilities with the situational requirements. Meeting styles within groups, in the words of Dennis (1994) have largely resorted to electronic colloquy styles that offers benefits of parallelism, site access to conflict memories and anonymity offered by pure electronic converse.Group brainstorming has seen emergence of new techniques such as Group finding Support System, Electronic Meeting System, Groupware, and Group Support System. Some of these methods help the group members to interact with each other by help of networked computers that expedite instant communication, messaging, sharing of ideas and joint coordination. In addition members can highlighting key issues on discussion on common large electronic blackboard that is visible to every group member (Dennis, 1994).Apart from the benefits of parallelism, access to meeting memories and anonymity of indi vidual, the electronic brainstorming session also provides the facility of media richness, i. e transmission of complex information. Studies have shown that a combination of electronic communication and verbal communication produces better media richness than what either of them are subject of achieving alone (Dennis, 1994). Electronic brainstorming has received great boos by application of EBT or Electronic Brainstorming Tool that has been designed to assist researchers who are interested in method of electronic brainstorming (Clapper, 1995).The tool provides users with a simple interface to help in sharing and developing ideas for effective communication, leading to greater media richness. Reeference Clapper DL, 1995, EBT a Tool for Electronic Brainstorming Researchers. Journal of Organizational Computing. Volume 5. Issue 1, rogue Number 22 Davis, GA, 1973, Psychology of Problem Solving Theory and Practice, Basic Books, New York Dennis AR, 1994, Electronic Support for Large Grou ps, Journal of Organizational Computing, Volume 4. Issue 2, Page Number 177Hargadon A, Sutton RI, 1996, Brainstorming Groups in Context Effectiveness in a Product Design Firm, Administrative Science Quarterly. Volume 41. Issue 4, 685 Mullen, Brian, Craig Johnson, and Eduardo Salas, 1991, productiveness loss in brainstorming groups A meta-analytic integration, Basic and Applied Psychology, 12 2-23 Paulus PB, Brown VR, 2003, Group Creativity Innovation through Collaboration (edit),Bernard A. Nijstad, Paul B. Paulus, Oxford University Press. New York Proctor, T, 1999, Creative Problem Solving for Managers, Routledge London

Benefits of video games Essay

Video halts immediately atomic number 18 most commonly viewed as a guidance for students of high schools and colleges to slack off and procrastinate on homework and studies. What most mickle are not aware of though, is the well-disposed benefits that ikon gaming has on individuals. Video games drive out guard authoritative effects on a gamers social life when it comes to teamwork, religious serviceing people, multitasking, and communication efficiently. Educational Benefits for Students A modern get word from the Education Development stub and the U.S.Congress-supported Ready To Learn (RTL) Initiative found that a curriculum that snarled digital media such as video games could improve early literacy skills when match with strong parental and teacher involvement. Interestingly, the study focused on tender children, and 4- and 5-year-olds who participated showed increases in letter recognition, sounds association with letters, and understanding rudimentary concepts ab verboten stories and print.The underlying for this study was having high-quality educational titles, along with parents and teachers who were equ ally invested in the subject matter. That way kids could discuss and examine the concepts that they were exposed to in the games. Also interesting is the repute that video games are proven to have raze for very raw players. A study by the Education Department Center set ahead found that low-income children are better prepared for success in kindergarten when their preschool teachers turn back educational video and games from the Ready to Learn Initiative. Older children such as teens and tweens suffer benefit from gameplay as well. Even traditional games teach kids basic everyday skills, according to Ian Bogost, associate prof at the Georgia bring in of Technology and founder of software maker Persuasive Games. Look at World of Warcraft Youve got 11-year-olds who are learning to delegate responsibility, promote teamwork and ste er groups of people toward a common goal. Games that are designed to avail teach are having an impact on college-age pupils as well. Following a recent 3D virtual simulation of a US/Canadian border crossing, wherein students expect the role of guards, Loyalist College in Ontario reported that the number of successful interrogation scores increased from 56 part to 95 percent. Improved Multitasking some separate carefully-designed studies have also shown that action video games can improve some(prenominal) aspects of brain activity, including multitasking.According to studies by Daphne Bavelier, a professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the University of Rochester, video gamers show real-world improvements on tests of attention, accuracy, vision and multitasking after compete certain titles. If you think about it, the attentional and working memory demands of video games can be much greater than other tasks, says Michael Stroud, a professor of psychology at Merrimack Coll ege. administer Pac-Man as an example.In Pac-Man, you must sweep your character through a spatial layout while monitoring the freestanding paths of four additional objects (the ghosts), while keeping the overall goal of illumination the small pellets in memory, as well as keeping pass over of the remaining large pellets. Think about how this may apply to skills such as driving, he continues. When you drive your car, you are faced with a endlessly changing environment in the road, not to mention several other distractions that compete for attention that reside in the car.At the same time, you are attempting to navigate through the environment to reach a goal. Social Benefits Games with wide appeal that are easy to grasp can additionally help some families play in concert, and better bridge the gap between generations. Consider a title uniform hip-wiggling simulation Just Dance, which can have young kids dancing alongside their grandparents. There are also many games that h ave positive social messages that back up families to be a military posture for proper.In a series of experiments published in the Journal of genius and Social Psychology, researchers found that participants who had just vie a pro-social game in which characters must work together to help each other out as compared to those who had just played a neutral game (e. g. Tetris) were much(prenominal) likely to engage in helpful behaviors. Examples included assisting in a situation involving an abusive boyfriend, picking up a box of pencils or even volunteering to participate in more research. So-called serious games, specifically designed to teach and inform, are also having an impact on the world.Titles like the United Nations pabulum Force teach kids about real-life issues, humanitarianism and the hard-nosed challenges facing governments and private organizations today. In the game, children must end up six different missions that reflect the real-life obstacles faced by the W orld Food Programme in its emergency responses. Other games, like Nourish Inter officiouss online Chef Solus and the Food Pyramid Adventure, teach kids about the benefits of healthy eating habits, while dummy up more highlight pressing geopolitical and social issues, e. g. the Global Conflicts series.Upsides can even extend into the physical world. Consider Facebook game Ecotopia. In summertime 2011, players of the popular social game met a challenge from its creators and planted 25,000 trees in the game world in 25 days, leading the games developer to plant 25,000 trees in real life. Career Benefits Future career choices for todays tots will no doubt be influenced by engineering science in a way that is difficult for many parents to imagine too. Skills learn and h sensationd playing home console and video games, as well as mobile gaming apps, will undoubtedly be very precious to students in the manpower of 2025.As mentioned earlier, the Federation of American Scientists (FAS) has proclaimed that kids take aim more, not less, video game play. They argue that video games hold the authorisation to help address one of Americas most pressing line of works preparing students for an increasingly competitive global market. The success of complex video games demonstrates that games can teach higher(prenominal)-order thinking skills such as strategic thinking, interpretative analysis, problem solving, plan formulation and execution, and adaptation to rapid change, the Federation announced in a 2010 report.These are the skills U. S. employers increasingly traink in workers and new workforce entrants. Games are increasingly being used to educate and instruct workers around the globe by governments, trade bodies and the worlds largest corporations as well. From cisco Systems The Cisco Mind Share Game, which facilitates network certification, to the US Department of judges Incident Commander, in which emergency responders practice coordinating incident relie f efforts, the number of practical examples continues to grow.In fact, a recent study by the Entertainment Software association found that 70 percent of major domestic employers have utilized synergetic software and games for educational activity purposes, and nearly eight out of 10 plan on doing so by 2013. Going forward, in addition to polishing your resume and question skills, who knows? You may even want to brush up on your button-mashing abilities. advance Cooperation and Teamwork Many games today also emphasize the cooperative aspects of game play, in which two or more players need to work together in order to reach a common goal.For instance, games like Lego Star Wars or Kirbys Epic Yarn are enhanced by having players cooperate to solve in-game puzzles. Massively multiplayer games such as LEGO Universe and Lord of the peal Online further offer added depth, atmosphere and enjoyment by allowing players to band together and work as a team in order to complete certain quest s or defeat especially tricky opponents. Game persistence analysts such as DFC Intelligence actually predict that video game revenue will reach nearly $70 billion by 2015, thanks in large part to these online, cooperative, subscription-based games that can be played together.Small wonder top titles like Star Wars The Old res publica and Titan (the next MMO from Blizzard, the company that created World of Warcraft) continue to resonate so strongly with millions worldwide. Even the way that games are made can encourage teamwork. At Washburn University in Kansas, students study the game development process as a way to build teamwork and collaborative skills. It taught me to work in a group, said Washburn student Adam Bideau of the program in a recent interview with the Washburn Review.Video games are not created by just one person and they require you to work well with others. You have to pool everyones talents together in order to produce the required product. Promoting Exercise o n the whole parents know that kids need a healthy combination of physical and psychical exercise. Happily, todays motion-controlled games for Microsofts Xbox 360 Kinect, Nintendos Wii and Wii U, and Sonys PlayStation Move help kids get both kinds of workouts at the same time. Better yet, people of all ages are finding them a more approachable way to bear physically fit.While many shy away from exercise because they see it as an activity that isnt enjoyable, organizations like the American Heart Association now cite, and even recommend, video games as a fun and socialize way to enjoy physical activity. Upsides of active play are huge too.A study reported in the Archives of Pediatrics and juvenile Medicine of 39 Boston middle-school children who played with six different interactive gaming systems found that the games compared favorably with walking on a treadmill at three miles per hour, with four out of the six activities resulting in higher energy expenditure. Organizations supporting individuals of all ages and interests are additionally using active games to help get people up and moving.Nursing homes, cruise ships and even after-school programs all now employ active video games in some form to help stimulate both the mind and body. The good news People seem to be enjoying active play more than ever. Healthy diversions such as Wii Fit and Zumba Fitness continue to be some of the most popular and best-selling games year in and out.

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Administrative and Politics Dichotomy

For many years, the political-administrative dichotomy has been one of the most disputed theories of public administration. disdain serious debates and critiques, the differences between politics and public administration have been accede over the past decades. The question inactive remains today whether or not politics and public administration can work together for one common good-to serve the people for which hey govern.Today, politics and administration be linked in many ways. A few examples are administrators tyro policy, administrative acts have political consequences, and administrators shape policy after the concomitant and civil servants are not politically neutral. Skelley, B. D. (2008) Another aspect of the administrative-political single out is the philosophical thinkingls in the western culture of the Greek civic-culture (political) and political-administrative relationship has been an crucial question for over a century now. Skelley, B. D. 008) Woodrow Wilson, in his article The bring of Administration (1887), wrote of how to position public administration in relation to politics. His idea is the forefront to which the idea that public administration is somehow distinct from politics. in the public eye(predicate) administration is supposed to be the instrument used or the lecture vehicle for translating policies into action, while politics is about making the policies. Demir, T. & Nyhan, R. (2008) The dichotomy is still influencing public administration due to numerous public administrators are laiming disinterest from political influences.Neutrality refers to the ability to do government work, do it to the standard that has been set, kind of than to ones own standard or for other loyalties or personal gain.

Babylonian Mathematics Essay

1 IntroductionOur graduation knowledge of mankinds affair of mathematics comes from the Egyptians and Babylonians. Both nicetys developed mathematics that was similar in scope just different in particulars. on that point flowerpot be no denying the accompaniment that the totality of their mathematics was pro openly elementary2 , merely their astronomy of later multiplication did achieve a level comparable to the Greeks.Assyria2 Basic FactsThe Babylonian politeness has its go downs dating to 4000BCE with the Sumerians in Mesopotamia. Yet teentsy is cognise about the Sumerians. Sumer was starting line settled amongst 4 five hundred and 4000 BC by a non-Semitic 1 2002, c 2 Neugebauer,G. Donald Allen 1951Babylonian mathematics2 mickle who did non speak the Sumerian language. These people now be c ei on that pointd Ubaidians, for the hamlet Al-Ubaid, where their remains were first uncovered. Even less is known about their mathematics. Of the little that is known, the Sume rians of the Mesopotamian v completelyey built homes and temples and decorated them with artistic pottery and mosaics in nonrepresentationalal patterns. The Ubaidians were the first civilizing force in the region. They drained marshes for agriculture, developed trade and realized industries including weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery. The people called Sumerians, whose language prevailed in the territory, probably came from around Anatolia, probably arriving in Sumer about 3300 BC. For a brief chronological outline of Mesopotamia see http//www.gate bearingstobabylon.com/ creation/briefchonology.htm.See in additionhttp//www.wsu.edu8080/dee/MESO/TIMELINE.HTM for more detailed in plaster bandageation. The first Sumerians did shake theme for rag alongs as shown below. Owing to the scarcity of resources, the Sumerians adapted the ubiquitous trunk in the region developing a writing that required the use of a stylus to carve into a soft clay evadet. It predat ed the110606003,60036,000cunei corpse (wedge) pattern of writing that the Sumerians had developed during the twenty-five percent millennium. It probably antedates the Egyptian hieroglyphic may excite been the earliest form of written communication. The Babylonians, and other cultures including the Assyrians, and Hittites, inherited Sumerian law and literature and significantly their style of writing. here we focus on the later finale of the Mesopotamian purification which engulfed the Sumerian civilization. The Mesopotamian civilizations ar often called Babylonian, though this is non correct. Actually, Babylon3 was not the first bully city, though the whole civilization is called Babylonian. Babylon, raze during its existence, was not un culminationingly 3 The first reference to the Babylon site of a temple occurs in about 2200 BCE. The name agency gate of God. It became an independent city-state in 1894 BCE and Babylonia was the surround ara. Its location is about 56 mi les south of ripe Baghdad.Babylonian maths3the center of Mesopotamian culture. The region, at least that between the two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, is also called Chaldea. The dates of the Mesopotamian civilizations date from 2000-600 BCE. Somewhat forward we see the unification of local principates by powerful leaders not un wish well that in China. One of the near powerful was Sargon the Great (ca. 2276-2221 BC). Under his rule the region was forged into an empire called the dynasty of Akkad and the Akkadian language began to re infinite Sumerian. Vast public works, such(prenominal) as irrigation canals and embankment fortifications, were con amountmate about this time. These were indispensable because of the nature of the geography combined with the need to provisions a large population. Because the Trigris and Euphrates would flood in heavy rains and the clay skank was not genuinely absorptive, such constructions were necessary if a large civilization was to flourish. Later in about 2218 BCE tribesmen from the eastern hills, the Gutians, overthrew Akkadian rule giving stand out to the 3rd Dynasty of Ur.They ruled much of Mesopotamia. Howalways, this dynasty was soon to perish by the influx of Elamites from the north, which eventually destroyed the city of Ur in about 2000 BC. These tribes took command of all the past cities and mixed with the local people. No city gained overall fudge until Hammurabi of Babylon (reigned about 1792-1750 BCE) united the country for a few socio-economic classs toward the end of his reign. The Babylonian texts come to us in the form of clay launch areas, commonly about the size of a hand. They were inscribed in cuneiform, a cuneiform writing owing its appearance to the stylus that was employ to make it. dickens types of mathematical tablets be generally found, table-texts and hassle texts. Table-texts are just that, tables of value for most purpose, such as multiplication tables, weights and mea sures tables, reciprocal tables, and the like. M any of the table texts are clearly school texts, written by apprentice scribes. The foster class of tablets are concerned with the solutions or methods of solution to algebraic or geometrical fusss. Some tables contain up to two hundred chores, of inactive increasing difficulty. No doubt, the role of the teacher was significant. Babylon fell to Cyrus of Persia in 538 BC, but the city was spared.Babylonian mathematics4The Darius inscription on lessening near Bisotun The great empire was finished. However, another period of Babylonian mathematical history occurred in about 300BCE, when the Seleucids, successors of Alexander the Great came into command. The 300 year period has furnished a great come up of astronomical records which are remarkably mathematical comparable to Ptolemys Almagest. Mathematical texts though are rare from this period. This points to the acuity and survival of the mathematical texts from the old-Babylonia n period (about 1800 to 1600 BCE), and it is the old period we will focus on. The use of cuneiform script formed a strong bond. Laws, tax accounts, stories, school lessons, personal letters were impressed on soft clay tablets and past were baked in the hot sola inauguration or in ovens. From one and only(a) region, the site of quaint Nippur, in that respect stupefy been recovered some 50,000 tablets. Many university libraries take up large collections of cuneiform tablets. The largest collections from the Nippur excavations, for example, are to be found at Philadelphia, Jena, and Istanbul. All total, at least vitamin D,000 tablets have been recovered to date. Even still, it is estimated that the vast bulk of existing tablets is still inhumed in the ruins of ancient cities.Babylonian maths5Deciphering cuneiform succeeded the Egyptian hieroglyphic. Indeed, just as for hieroglyphics, the key to deciphering was a trilingual inscription found by a British office, Henry Rawlinso n (1810-1895), stationed as an advisor to the Shah. In 516 BCE Darius the Great, who reigned in 522-486 BCE, caused a lasting monument4 to his rule to be engraved in bas relief on a 100 150 grounding spring up on a rock cliff, the Mountain of the Gods at Behistun5 at the foot of the Zagros Mountains in the Kermanshah region of modern Iran along the road between modern Hamadan (Iran) and Baghdad, near the town of Bisotun. In antiquity, the name of the village was Bagastna, which specifys place where the gods d hale. Like the Rosetta stone, it was inscribed inthree languages Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian (Babylonian). However, all three were then unknown. totally because Old Persian has only 43 signs and had been the subject of serious investigation since the beginning of the coke was the deciphering possible. Progress was real slow. Rawlinson was able to correctly assign correct values to 246 characters, and moreover, he detect that the same sign could stand for differen t consonantal sounds, depending on the vowel sound that followed. (polyphony) It has only been in the 20th century that substantial publications have appeared. Rawlinson print the completed translation and grammar in 1846-1851. He was eventually knighted and served in fantan (1858, 1865-68). For more details on this inscription, see the article by Jona Lendering at http//www.livius.org/be-bm/behistun/behistun01.html. A translation is included. Babylonian Numbers3In mathematics, the Babylonians (Sumerians) were jolly more advanced than the Egyptians. Their mathematical notation was positional but sexagesimal.to some sources, the actual events described in the monument took place between 522 and 520 BCE. 5 also spelled Bistoun 4 AccordingBabylonian Mathematics They used no zero.6 More general fractions, though not all fractions, were admitted. They could call forth square roots. They could sack elongate organisations. They worked with Pythagorean triples. They studied circ ular measure. They lick cuboid equivalences with the help of tables. Their geometry was sometimes incorrect. For enumeration the Babylonians used symbols for 1, 10,60, 600, 3,600, 36,000, and 216,000, similar to the earlier period. Below are four of the symbols. They did arithmetic in pes 60, sexagesimal.11060600Cuneiform numerals For our purposes we will use just the first two symbols = 1 = 10All poem will be formed from these. Example feeling the notation was positional and sexagesimal = 20 60 + 20 = 57 = 2 602 + 2 60 + 21 = 7, 331 The story is a little more complicated. A few short deletes or abbreviation were allowed, many originating in the Seleucid period. OtherBabylonian Mathematics7devices for representing numbers were used. Below see how the number 19 was expressed. Three ways to express the number 19 = 19 Old Babylonian. The symbol means subtraction. = 19 Formal = 19 Cursive form Seleucid Period(c. 320 BC to c. 620 AD)The naiant symbol above the 1 d esignated subtraction. There is no clear fountain why the Babylonians selected the sexagesimal system6 .It waspossibly selected in the interest of metrology, this according to Theon of Alexandria, a commentator of the fourth century A.D. i.e. the values 2,3,5,10,12,15,20, and 30 all divorce 60. Remnants still exist today with time and angular measurement. However, a number of theories have been posited for the Babylonians choosing the foundation garment of 60.For example7 1. The number of days, 360, in a year gave rise to the subdivision of the tour into 360 degrees, and that the chord of one sixth of a mass is equal to the radius gave rise to a natural division of the circle into six equal parts. This in turn made 60 a natural unit of counting. (Moritz Cantor, 1880) 2. The Babylonians used a 12 hour clock, with 60 minute hours. That is, two of our minutes is one minute for the Babylonians. (Lehmann-Haupt, 1889) Moreover, the (Mesopotamian) zodiac was catchment aread into 12 equal sectors of 30 degrees each. 3. The base 60 provided a convenient way to express fractions from a variety of systems as may be needed in conversion of weights and measures. In the Egyptian system, we have seen the values 1/1, 1/2, 2/3, 1, 2, . . . , 10. Combining we see the factor of 6 needed in the denominator of fractions. This with the base 10 gives 60 as the base of the newly system. (Neugebauer, 1927) 4. The number 60 is the reaping of the number of planets (5 known at the time) by the number of months in the year, 12. (D. J. Boorstin, 6 Recall, 7 Seethe precise early use of the sexagesimal system in China. There may well be a connection. Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers, Wiley, New York, 2000.Babylonian Mathematics 1986)85. The combination of the duo quantitative system (base 12) and the base 10 system leads naturally to a base 60 system. Moreover, duodecimal systems have their remnants even today where we count some commodities such as eggs by the doz en. The English system of fluid measurement has numerous base twelve values. As we see in the charts below, the base twelve (base 3, 6?) and base two graduations are mixed. Similar values exist in the ancient Roman,Sumerian, and Assyrian measurements. teaspoon tablespoon 1 teaspoon = 1 tablespoon = 1 fluid ounce = 1 gill = 1 cup = 1 pint = 1 quart = 1 gallon = 1 firkin = 1 hogshead = 1 3 6 24 48 96 192 768 6912 48384 advance 1 inch = 1 foot = 1 yard = 1 mile = 1 12 36 fluid ounce 1/6 1/2 1 4 8 16 32 128 1152 80641/3 1 2 8 16 32 64 256 2304 16128foot 1/12 1 3 5280 yard 1/36 1/3 1 1760 observation that missing in the first column of the liquid/dry measurement table is the important cooking measure 1/4 cup, which equals 12 teaspoons. 6. The explanations above have the common factor of attempting to give a plausibility argument based on some particular aspect of their society. Having witnessed unhomogeneous systems evolve in modern times, we are tempted to conjecture that a definite arbitrariness may be at work. To create or trim a number system and make it apply to an entire civilization essential have been the work of a political system of great power and centralization. (We need only con military positionr the failed American attempt to go metric beginning in 1971. See, http//lamar.colostate.edu/ hillger/dates.htm) The decision to adaptBabylonian Mathematics9the base may have been may been made by a ruler with little more than the advice merchants or generals with some vested need. Alternatively, with the desegregation of power in Sumeria, at that place may have been competing systems of measurement. Perhaps, the base 60 was chosen as a compromise. Because of the large base, multiplication was carried out with the auxiliary of a table. Yet, there is no table of such a magnitude. kinda there are tables up to 20 and then selected values great (i.e. 30, 40, and 50). The practician would be expected to decompose the number into a sum of smaller numbers a nd use multiplicative distributivity. A positional breakage Which is it? = 10 60 + 10 = 10 602 + 10 = 3, 610 10 = 10 + 60 = 20() 1. There is no gapdesignator. 2. There is a admittedly floating point its location is un desexd except from context. ? The gap problem was overcome in the Seleucid period with the invention of a zero as a gap separator. We use the notation d1 d2 , d3 , . . . = d1 + d2 d3 + 2 + 60 60The values d1 d2 , d3 , d4 , . . . are all integers. Example 1 24, 51, 10 = 1 +24 51 10 + 2+ 3 60 60 60 = 1.41421296Babylonian Mathematics10This number was found on the Old Babylonian Tablet (Yale Collection 7289) and is a very eminent precision estimate of 2. We will continue this discussion shortly, conjecturing on how such precision may have been obtained.The exact value of 2, to 8 decimal places is = 1.41421356.Fractions. Generally the only fractions permitted were such as 2 3 5 12 , , , , 60 60 60 60 because the sexagesimal contemplation was known. Fo r example, 1 10 = = 6 60 1 = , 9 1 Irregular fractions such as 1 , 11 , etc were not normally not used. 7 There are some tablets that remark, 7 does not divide, or 11 does not divide, etc.A table of all products equal to sixty has been found. 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 15 30 20 15 12 10 7,30 6,40 6 5 4 16 18 20 24 25 27 30 32 36 40 3, 45 3,20 3 2,30 2,25 2,13,20 2 152,30 1,40 1,30Babylonian Mathematics You can see, for example that 8 7 30 = 8 (7 + 30) = 60 6011Note that we did not use the separatrix here. This is because the table is also used for reciprocals. so 7 30 1 = 0 7, 30 = + 2 8 60 60 Contextual interpretation was critical. Remark. The corresponding table for our decimal system is shown below. Included also are the columns with 1 and the base 10. The product relation and the decimal expansion relations are valid in base 10. 1 2 5 10 10 5 2 1Two tablets found in 1854 at Senkerah on the Euphrates date from 2000 B.C. They give squares of the numbers up to 59 and cubes up to 32. The Babylonians used the formula xy = ((x + y)2 (x y)2 )/4 to assist in multiplication. Division relied on multiplication, i.e. 1 x =x y y There apparently was no long division. The Babylonians knew some approximations of irregular fractions. 1 = 1, 1, 1 59 1 = 0, 59, 0, 59 61However, they do not appear to have observe infinite periodic expansions.8 the decimal system, the analogous values are 1 = 0.1111 . . . and 9 Note the use of the units 0 here but not for the sexagesimal. Why? 8 In 1 11= 0.090909 . . ..Babylonian Mathematics12They also fronted to have an elementary knowledge of logarithms. That is to say there are texts which concern the determination of the exponents of apt(p) numbers.4Babylonian AlgebraIn Greek mathematics there is a clear distinction between the geometric and algebraic. Overwhelmingly, the Greeks assumed a geometric position wherever possible. Only in the later work of Diophantus do we see algebraic methods of significance. On the other hand, th e Babylonians assumed just as definitely, an algebraic viewpoint. They allowed operations that were nix in Greek mathematics and even later until the 16th century of our own era. For example, they would freely multiply areas and spaces, demonstrating that the units were of less importance. Their methods of designating unknowns, however, does invoke units. First, mathematical twist was strictly rhetorical, symbolism would not come for another two millenia with Diophantus, and then not significantly until Vieta in the 16th century. For example, the appointment of the unknown was length. The designation of the square of the unknown was area. In solving linear systems of two dimensions, the unknowns were length and breadth, and length, breadth, and width for three dimensions. Square Roots. Recall the approximation of 2. How did they get it? There are two possibilities (1) Applying the method of the mean. (2) Applying the approximation b a2 b a 2aBabylonian Mathematics13Yale Bab ylonian Collection124,51,10 304225,35 Square with side 30The product of 30 by 124,51,10 is precisely 4225,35. Method of the mean. The method of the mean can easily be used to find the square root of any number. The idea is simple to find the square root of 2, say, select x as a first approximation and take for another 2/x. The product of the two numbers is of course 2, and moreover, one must be less than and the other greaterthan 2. Take the arithmetic average to get a value closer to 2. Precisely, we have 1. Take a = a1 as an initial approximation. 2. Idea If a1 2 then a21 2.Babylonian Mathematics 3. So take a2 = (a1 + 4. Repeat the process. Example. Take a1 = 1. and so we have 2 3 a2 = (1 + )/2 = 1 2 2 17 3 )/2 = 1.41666 = a3 = ( + 2 3/2 12 17 2 577 a4 = ( + )/2 = 12 17/12 408142 )/2. a1Now station out this process in sexagesimal, beginning with a1 = 1 25 utilize Babylonian arithmetic without rounding, to get the value 124,51,10. Note 2=1 25 = 1.4166 was commonly used as a brief, unhandy and ready, approximation. When victimization sexagesimal numbering, a lot of information can be compressed into one place. Solving Quadratics. The Babylonian method for solving quadratics is fundamentally based on completing the square. The method(s) are not as despoil as the modern quadratic formula, because the Babylonians allowed only coercive solutions. Thus equations eer were set in a form for which there was a positive solution. Negative solutions (indeed negative numbers) would not be allowed until the 16th century CE.The rhetorical method of writing a problem does not require variables. As such problems have a rather intuitive feel. Anyone could understand the problem, but without the proper tools, the solution would be impossibly difficult. No doubt this rendered a sense of the mystic to the mathematician. Consider this example I added twice the side to the square the result is 2,51,60. What is the side? In modern terms we have the simple quadratic x2 + 2x = 10300. The student would then follow his template for quadratics. This template was the solution of a specific problem of the correct mathematicalBabylonian Mathematics15type, all written rhetorically. Here is a characteristic example given in terms of modern variables. Problem. Solve x(x + p) = q. Solution. delimitate y = x + p Then we have the system xy = q yx = p This gives 4xy + (y x)2 = p2 + 4q (y + x)2 = p2 + 4q x+y = 2x + p = q qp2 + 4qp2 + 4q p + p2 + 4q x = 2All three forms x2 + px = q x2 = px + q x2 + q = pxare resolved similarly. The third is solved by equating it to the nonlinear system, x + y = p, xy = q. The students task would be to take the problem at hand and determine which of the forms was appropriate and then to solve it by a prescribed method. What we do not know is if the student was ever instructed in principles of solution, in this case completing the square. Or was mathematical homework essentially static, with solution methods available for eac h and every problem that the practitioner would encounter. It is striking that these methods date back 4,000 years Solving Cubics. The Babylonians even managed to solve cubic equations, though again only those having positive solutions. However, the form of the equation was restricted tightly. For example, solving x3 = aBabylonian Mathematics was accomplished using tables and interpolation. Mixed cubics x3 + x2 = a were also solved using tables and interpolation. The general cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx = d can be reduced to the normal form y 3 + ey 2 = g16To do this one needs to solve a quadratic, which the Babylonians could do. But did the Babylonians know this reduction? The Babylonians must have had extraordinary manipulative skills and as well a due date and flexibility of algebraic skills. Solving linear systems. The solution of linear systemswere solved in a particularly clever way, reducing a problem of two variables to one variable in a sort of evacuation process, vaguely reminis cent of Gaussian elimination. Solve 2 1 x y = 500 3 2 x + y = 1800 Solution. strike x = y such that x + y = 2 = 1800 x So, x = 900. Now make the model x=x+d We get y =yd 1 2 (900 + d) (900 d) = 500 3 2 2 1 ( + )d + 1800/3 900/2 = 500 3 2 7 d = 500 150 6 6(350) d = 7 So, d = 300 and thus x = 1200 y = 600.Babylonian Mathematics17Plimpton 322 tablet Yale Babylonian collection Pythagorean Triples.5As we have seen there is solid essay that the ancient Chinese were aware of the Pythagorean theorem, even though they may not have had anything near to a verification. The Babylonians, too, had such an awareness. Indeed, the evidence here is very much stronger, for an entire tablet of Pythagoreantriples has been discovered. The events surrounding them reads much like a modern detective story, with the sleuth being archaeologist Otto Neugebauer. We begin in about 1945 with the Plimpton 322 tablet, which is now the Babylonian collection at Yale University, and dates from about 1700 BCE. It appears to have the left sectionBabylonian Mathematics18broken away. Indeed, the carriage of glue on the broken edge indicates that it was broken after excavation. What the tablet contains is fifteen rows of numbers, numbered from 1 to 15. Below we list a few of them in decimal form. The first column is descending numerically. The deciphering of what theymean is due principally to Otto Neugebauer in about 1945. 1.9834 1.94915 . . . 1.38716 119 169 3367 4825 56 1 2106 15 interpreting Plimpton 322. To see what it means, we need a model right tri pitch. Write the Pythagorean triples, the edge b in the column thought to be divide from the tablet. Note that they are listed c B abdecrease cosecant. b (c/b)2 120 (169/120)2 3456 (4825/3456)2 . . . 90 (106/90)2Right Trianglea c 119 169 3367 4825 56 1061 2 15c csc2 B = ( )2 b A curious fact is that the tablet contains a few errors, no doubt transcription errors made so many centuries ago. How did the Babylonian mathematicians dete rmine these triples? Why were they listed in this order? Assuming they knew the Pythagorean relation a2 + b2 = c2 , divide by b to get c a ( )2 + 1 = ( )2 b bBabylonian Mathematics u2 + 1 = v 2 (u v)(u + v) = 1 Choose u + v and find u v in the table of reciprocals.19Example. Take u + v=215. Then u v = 0 26, 60 Solve for u and v to get u = 0 54, 10 v = 1 20, 50. calculate by an appropriate integer to clear the fraction. We get a = 65, c = 97. So b = 72. This is line 5 of the table. It is tempting to think that there must have been known general principles,nothing short of a theory, but all that has been discovered are tablets of specific numbers and worked problems.6Babylonian GeometryCircular Measurement. We find that the Babylonians used = 3 for practical computation. But, in 1936 at Susa (captured by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE), a number of tablets with significant geometric results were unearthed. One tablet compares the areas and the squaresBabylonian Mathematics20of th e sides of the regular polygons of three to seven sides. For example, there is the approximation perimeter hexagon = 0 57, 36 circumference circumscribed circle This gives an effective 3 1 . (Not bad.) 8 Volumes. There are two forms for the volume of a frustum given Frustumb bh a aV Va+b 2 )h 2 a+b 2 1 ab 2 = h ( ) ( ) 2 3 2 = (The second is correct, the first is not.There are many geometric problems in the cuneiform texts. For example, the Babylonians were aware that The altitude of an isosceles triangle bisects the base. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. (Thales)7Summary of Babylonian MathematicsThat Babylonian mathematics may attend to be further advanced than that of Egypt may be due to the evidence available. So, even thoughBabylonian Mathematics21we see the breeding as being more general and somewhat broader in scope, there remain many similarities. For example, problems contain only specific cases. There seem to be no general formulations. The lack o f notation is clearly insalubrious in the handling of algebraic problems. There is an absence of clear cut distinctions between exact and approximate results. Geometric considerations play a very secondary role in Babylonian algebra, even though geometric terminology may be used. Areas and lengths are freely added, something that would not be possible in Greek mathematics. Overall, the role of geometry is diminished in proportion with algebraic and numerical methods. Questions about solvability or insolvability are absent. The concept of proof is unclear and uncertain. Overall, there is no sense of abstraction. In sum, Babylonian mathematics, like that of the Egyptians, is mostly utilitarian but apparently more advanced. Exercises 1. Express the numbers 76, 234, 1265, and 87,432 in sexagesimal. 2. Compute the products (a) 1, 23 2, 9 (b) 2, 4, 23 3, 3483. A problem on one Babylonian tablets give the base and top of an isosceles trapezoid to be 50 and 40 respectively and the sid e length to be 30. Find the altitude and area. Can this be done without the Pythagorean theorem? 4. Solve the following system ala the Babylonian insincere position method.State clearly what steps you are taking. 2x + 3y = 1600 5x + 4y = 2600 (The solution is (200, 400).)Babylonian Mathematics225. Generalize this Babylonian algorithmic program for solving linear systems to arbitrary linear systems in two variables? 6. Generalize this Babylonian algorithm for solving linear systems to arbitrary linear systems? 7. Modify the Babylonian root finding method (for 2) to find the square root of any number. handling your method to approximate 3. Begin with x0 = 1. 8. Explain how to adapt the method of the mean to determine 3 2. n n3 + n2 1 2 2 12 9. Consider the table 3 36 Solve the following prob4 80 150 5 6 252 lems using this table and linear interpolation. discriminate with the exact values. (You can obtain the exact solutions, for example, by using Maple evalf(solve(x3 + x2 = a, x)) Here a=the right side) (a) x3 + x2 = 55 (b) x3 + x2 = 257 10. Show that the general cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx = d can be reduced to the normal form y 3 + ey 2 = g. 11. Show how the perimeter identity is used to educe the approximation for . 12. Write a lesson plan wherein you show students how to factor quadratics ala the Babylonian methods. You may use variables, but not general formulas.

Saturday, February 23, 2019

Mid Term 220

Take discernment midterm examination scrutiny Page 1 of 9 MGT220. INFORMATION engine room (MGT220) > TAKE ASSESSMENT MIDTERM EXAM Take sagacity midterm Exam Name midterm examination Exam Instructions Always blame the single best answer. Blank answers will be s spiritd as incorrect. ninefold Attempts This testify allows 2 attempts. This is attempt number 1. Force Completion This Test brook be saved and resumed later. chief Completion Status disbelief 1 2 points Sellers generally benefit from e-auctions due to the opportunity to mess for lower prices. hold on authorized mis hearn interrogative 2 2 points Nokia has entered the peregrine gaming world.It markets near-distance multiplayer gaming over __________ and wide- ara gaming over __________ meshworks. keep up A. cellular local ara B. Bluetooth cellular C. GPS wide ara D. WiMax one-dimensional E. head 3 2 points Using radiocommunication technologies, one potbelly create applications that are not available wi th wireline systems. lay aside straightforward bastard research 4 2 points Save 2 points In general, which of the spare-time activity is true about the transmission of confidential and personal education surrounded by an RFID reader and a back-end entropybase nurse? Save Blogs, mashups, instant messaging, and wikis are examples of A. avatars B. tender computing C. virtual(prenominal) worldsD. wireless communications Question 5 http//coursesite. umtweb. edu/webapps/ judging/take/launch. jsp? course_ mind_id= 9/25/2012 Take Assessment midterm examination Exam Page 2 of 9 A. Those transmissions are sent over vouch networks to keep the information secure. B. nurture sent via those transmissions is protected using encryption. C. RFID tags do not yet contain confidential or personal information. D. Firewalls are utilize to protect information in transit. Question 6 2 points Remote administration Trojans (RATs) are a class of backdoors that are extremely dangerous because the y enable remote control over the infected machine.Save adjust false Question 7 2 points Save 2 points A(n) __________ is an abstract of the benefits of using a specific bank line exercise. Save Productivity in an enterprise fag end be measured in terms of A. the union of input per step of time B. the ratio of the amount of output to the amount of input C. the number of units produced D. market share Question 8 A. core competency B. exchange C. RFQ D. value proposition Question 9 2 points A valuable property of e-tailing is the ability to offer customized products and swear outs to someone customers at a reasonable price and quickly. Save True fictitious Question 10 2 pointsWith two-factor authentication, two types of information are used to verify the users identity operator, such(prenominal) as passwords and botnets. Save True untrue Question 11 2 points One of the worst and most prevalent crimes is identity theft, which has been made worse by widespread electronic sha ring and databases. http//coursesite. umtweb. edu/webapps/ sound judgment/take/launch. jsp? course_assessment_id= Save 9/25/2012 Take Assessment midterm Exam Page 3 of 9 True False Question 12 2 points Directories and hyper link up from other Web sites and intelligent search agents garter buyers find the best stores and products to match their needsSave True False Question 13 2 points _________ percent of companies that suffer a signifi washbasint data overtaking die within five years, according to Freeman Mendel, the chair of the FBIs 2006 Infragard field Conference. Save A. 7 B. 23 C. 57 D. 93 Question 14 2 points A risk associated with tools that are meant to improve the productivity and timbre of life in general is that they piece of ass lead to smears such as intruding on an employees or managers personal time. Save True False Question 15 2 points Responsibility for internal control and conformance with information security olicies rests directly on end-users. Save True False Question 16 2 points Packet technologies convert vocalisation, video, and data into packets that can be transmitted together over a single, high-speed network eliminating the need for separate networks. Save True False Question 17 2 points Advances in converged networks, SIP, and tools have eliminated the barriers to full integration and interoperability. Save True http//coursesite. umtweb. edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch. jsp? course_assessment_id= 9/25/2012 Take Assessment Midterm Exam Page 4 of 9 False Question 18 2 pointsThe computer software-as-a-service (SaaS) approach is based on the trend for developing applications in-house quite a than buying them. Save True False Question 19 2 points A(n) __________ is a method of doing business by which a comp either can generate revenue to sustain itself. Save A. adaptive strategy B. business model C. electronic commerce Web site D. operations model Question 20 2 points According to the market intelligence incorruptible ID C, organizations with a 1,000 or more knowledge workers lose over $5 million annually because of Save A. time wasted by employees reformatting data as they move among applications.B. data that is out of context or outdated. C. the unfitness of knowledge workers to share data with others working on the same project. D. the softness to synchronize data. Question 21 2 points One example of an combine messaging system is __________, which combines wireless communications, vehicle monitoring systems, and vehicle location devices. Save A. collaborative commerce B. supply kitchen stove management C. voice portal D. wireless telemetry Question 22 2 points Which of the following is not accurate regarding businesses that collect data about employees or customers? SaveA. The data must(prenominal) be available to auditors. B. Businesses have a statutory duty to protect this data. C. The data should be advanceible only to authorized people. D. Securing the data from abuse by authorized pa rties is expensive and difficult. Question 23 2 points http//coursesite. umtweb. edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch. jsp? course_assessment_id= Save 9/25/2012 Take Assessment Midterm Exam Page 5 of 9 An example of a mobile enterprise application is sales pull back automation (SFA), which enables sales force employees to type orders straight into an ERP while at a clients site.Benefits include a reduction in clerical mistakes and improved supply chain operations. True False Question 24 2 points Save 2 points Information systems can be organized according to organizational hierarchy (e. g. , departmental, enterprisewide, and interorganizational) or by the nature of supported task (e. g. , operational, managerial, and strategic). Save Web 1. 0 was basically organized around each of the following still A. corporations B. media C. software D. technology Question 25 True False Question 26 2 points Save 2 points Several banks in Japan issued __________ card game to customers.These cards store a template of the persons palm vein to certify the customers identity when withdrawing money. Save The ________ suite is the standard used with almost any network service. A. network protocol B. Transport Control Protocol C. user datagram Protocol D. Voice over IP Question 27 A. dexterous B. RFID C. ATM D. adaptive Question 28 2 points Save Which is the set-back step in the process of managing business performance? A. Determine how to mint the performance levels. http//coursesite. umtweb. edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch. jsp? course_assessment_id= 9/25/2012 Take Assessment Midterm ExamPage 6 of 9 B. Assess where the organization stands with respect to its goals, objectives, and measures. C. finalise on desired performance levels. D. Set the budget for achieving performance or goals. Question 29 2 points Microsoft releases _________ to update and patch vulnerabilities in its operational systems, including Vista, and other software products, including Office 2007. Sa ve A. firewalls B. podcasts C. service packs D. workbooks Question 30 2 points Reasons why managers may not be able to bank their data include all of the following extract Save A. info are too synchronized. B. Data are out of context.C. Data are outdated. D. Data are so overwhelming that they require weeks to analyze. Question 31 2 points A computer system essentially organizes data into a hierarchy that begins with bits and proceeds to bytes, fields, files, databases, and records. Save True False Question 32 2 points Save Databases are the optimal way to store and access organizational data. True False Question 33 2 points favorable network analysis (SNA) is the mapping and measuring of relationships and flows among people or groups. Nodes in the network are the people or groups, while the links show relationships or flows between the nodes.Save True False Question 34 2 points Save What is significant about 4G networks? http//coursesite. umtweb. edu/webapps/assessment/take/lau nch. jsp? course_assessment_id= 9/25/2012 Take Assessment Midterm Exam Page 7 of 9 A. 4G has a circuit switched subsystem B. 4G is based purely on the profit Protocol (IP) C. 4G is the convergence of the features of 2G and 3G D. All of the above Question 35 2 points Save All of the following correctly define the networking technology except A. WAP is an Internet protocol developed for transferring information on the Internet to and from wireless clients. B.EV-DO is fast wireless broadband access that runs in a Wi-Fi hotspot. C. arcsecond messaging has become a mission-critical collaboration tool for over cxxx million workers in businesses of all sizes. D. Bluetooth is how mobile phones, mobile and fixed computers, and PDAs can be easily interconnected using a short-range RF wireless connection. Question 36 2 points A supply chain is the flow of materials, information, money, and services from raw material suppliers through factories and warehouses to the end customers. Save True Fa lse Question 37 2 points A(n) antivirus software is a technology that checks Internet packets sent to nd from a network and enforces access-control policies between networks. Save True False Question 38 2 points The virtual elimination of software-upgrade cycles makes applications perpetual worksin-progress and allows rapid prototyping using the Web as a platform. Save True False Question 39 2 points When traffic with consumer-facing applications, such as online banking and ecommerce, strong authentication must be match with ________. Save A. costs B. convenience C. privacy risks D. war driving risks Question 40 2 points Save A wiki is all of the following except http//coursesite. mtweb. edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch. jsp? course_assessment_id= 9/25/2012 Take Assessment Midterm Exam Page 8 of 9 A. a software class B. a discovery tool C. a collaboration site D. a search engine Question 41 2 points Data warehouses are designed as online analytical processing (OLAP) systems, me aning that the data can be queried and analyzed much more efficiently than application databases. Save True False Question 42 2 points Save 2 points Fraud detection is too complex to be handled effectively by intelligent analysis engines using advanced data warehousing. SaveWhat is the technology that enables Internet browsing from wireless devices? A. WAP B. EMS C. WiMax D. WLAN Question 43 True False Question 44 2 points Which of the following factors is not a major(ip) type of business pressure on enterprises? Save A. Homogenous workforce B. Powerful customers C. Regulatory compliance D. Terrorist attacks and homeland security Question 45 2 points ___________ support functional managers by providing them with periodic reports, such as weekly sales volume and comparisons of actual expenses to budgeted expenses. Save A. Personal information managementsB. Transaction processing systems C. Management information systems D. Enterprise systems http//coursesite. umtweb. edu/webapps/ass essment/take/launch. jsp? course_assessment_id= 9/25/2012 Take Assessment Midterm Exam Question 46 Page 9 of 9 2 points Mary Kay transform itself from traditional modes of operation to a business model that enabled rapid harvest-home into new markets by doing all of the following except Save A. networking miscellaneous applications so they communicate with each other B. using business service management to connect to consultants. C. sing social computing for marketing D. outsourcing its IT floor Question 47 2 points M-commerce B2C applications are concentrated in terzetto major areas, which include each of the following except Save A. sell shopping for products and services B. advertising C. mobile portals D. selling digitized content such as music, movies, or games Question 48 2 points Save Data redundancy wastes physical storage media, makes it difficult to obtain a countywide view of customers, and increases the costs of entering and maintaining the data. True False Questio n 49 2 pointsAt a strategic level, the totality of a companys data resources is just about irreplaceable. Yet data at this macro-level remains largely overlooked by corporate leadership. Save True False Question 50 2 points Save Why is auditing a Web site important from the horizon of risk? A. It is a good preventive measure to manage legal risk. B. It is a key part of disaster recovery. C. To insure that biometrics were enforced properly. D. It is a necessary corrective action. http//coursesite. umtweb. edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch. jsp? course_assessment_id= 9/25/2012